Compare and contrast the theories

canvass and contrast the theoriesPart I1. Comp ar and contrast the theories and basic treatment cases of Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck. Include a give-and-take of the structure, theoretic/philosophical positions, healer activity, demands on the knob, and experimental support.Albert Elliss basic treatment model is rational emotive conduct therapy (REBT). The theoretical basis of Elliss model is that respective(prenominal)s routinely cope with lifespan issues by reconstructing their beliefs, affect, and behaviors in setation to the problem (Ellis, 2000). patch this psychological do work on seems equivalent a electropositive way to adapt in regards to an issue, m all individuals inevitably construct poor beliefs and behave in a repetitive and maladaptive manner. Meaning, that non lone(prenominal) does the problem distillery exist in one way or a nonher, but that the behavior, or more(prenominal) specifically the schematic schedule, created by this poor cognitive proc ess nevertheless adds to a schema that is poorly built. In this regard, the future subject of the next problem get out be dealt with poorly all everywhere again due to a pretermit of introspection of the outgoing consequences or possibly scarce due to a lack of individual skills.Additionally, REBT considers that to the highest degree individuals bring about problems for themselves by creating personal imperatives (Ellis, 2000). These personal imperatives involve native statements that include I will perform well to gain others approval, my life should be trouble-free and enjoyable, and everyone should treat me well (Ellis, 2005). In this manner, when these expectations (demands) be non met, individuals create their own affective misery. In response to this, therapists using REBT are expected to use a more directive manner than when using a psychodynamic approach, for example. Clients are shown how to acknowledge and then dispute within themselves their paradoxical belie fs. In addition, therapists non only give the guests unconditional acceptance, but the therapist must gives them ego Unconditional Self-Acceptance (aka USA) (Ellis, 2005).Becks Cognitive therapy rests on the principle of collaborative quackery (Hollon Beck, 2000). Cognitive therapy theorizes that nodes have automatic aspects and that these thoughts are incorrect beliefs, in that respectfore, they create maladaptive behaviors (Wenzel, Brown, Beck, 2009). A cognitive therapist would teach their knobs how to think more like a scientist by showing them that their beliefs are non necessarily facts. Meaning, client would collect data from their issues, their behaviors, and their consequences, and pseudo-empirically test their possibly irrational beliefs. Within this process, the foretaste is that the automatic thoughts will be addressed and corrected.Though, Becks Cognitive therapy is somewhat divers(prenominal) than Elliss Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT). While they two(prenominal) have their basis in the processes of experience and how those thoughts motivate behavior, one could argue that REBT uses the influence of logic reasoning to win over the clients schema (Hollon Beck, 2000). Also, Becks Cognitive therapy differs from REBT because there is an emphasis in the testing of beliefs in-vivo from an empirical point of view. In either fictional character of cognitive-based therapy, there are a large degree of empirical data that supports how gear upive CBT is. In fact, there are studies that suggest CBT is more effective than medication for depression (McGinn, 2000).2. The starting shudder was behavior therapy. The Second Wave was Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The Third Wave includes the works of Hayes and Linehan. Is the Third Wave a stray, a tsunami, or upright a gentle lapping at the shore? How are these riffles different?The first wave, Behavior therapy, is based upon the theories of classical conditioning and oper ative conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov. Behavior-based therapy considers the behaviors antecedent and reaction, then showing how the consequence is processed to influence the occurrence and the repetition of the same behavior (Skinner, 1969). The atomic number 42 wave involves the addition of the cognitive model. This model is based on how interpretations or misinterpretations are created and how they eventually relate to the individuals affective experiences and the behavior that is manifested. (Wenzel, Brown, Beck, 2009). The combining of behavioral and cognitive aspects in this wave is the use of reinforcers that are like a shot related to personal experiences. Meaning, that the exposure of thoughts, reinforcers, and behaviors to the client will help in the realization of negative thought patterns in semblance to their situation. Thus, in the truthful essence of CBT, they will be able to scrutinize themselves, the world, and the future. The hope is tha t the client will work, with the therapist, towards beneficial life changes.The leash wave is its own wave. This wave of Cognitive therapy was developed as a consequence of the restructuring process of the assist wave of Cognitive Therapy. As depict by Linehan Dimeff (2001), Dialectic behavioral Therapy (DBT) was created due to the failures of standard Cognitive and/or Behavioral therapy. It is suggested that too oft eons emphasis was put on change the of individual which resulted in an repeal of the client an invalidation of the ability of the client to succeed when they have, in their perception, failed so much already. Therefore, a large c erstptual part of DBT is skills reproduction of sense regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, mindfulness, and distress tolerance (Linehan Dimeff, 2001, p. 1). DBT purposefully takes into account not only the change that needs to occur cognitively, but also the in the morsel affect of the client.Concurrently with DBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was created by Steven Hayes as a psychological intervention that also uses mindfulness but has a spotlight on personal acceptance (Hayes, 2009). Hayes coins a stipulation called psychological flexibility, in where an individual is able to fully connect to themselves in spite of the changing situations and personal mood. With this flexibility in mind, the third wave CBT and the mindfulness concept differs from traditional second wave CBT due to exceedingly dynamic approach that is expected from the therapist towards the client. Maybe too simply put, 2nd wave CBT centralisees highly on cognition while DBT boil downes more on behavior and skills (or lack of). Therefore, the central aspect of the new third wave CBT is helping clients review and accept their thoughts in order to transfer the maladaptive automatic reactions they have been using to cope. CBT is not just how your cognitions effect your behavior, but an attempt to understand the complex interc onnection of schemas that produce reactions in all areas of functioning including affect, physiology, and behavior (Claessens, 2010).3. From your reading and research what would be the main(prenominal) points of agreement and difference between 1) CBT, 2) psychodynamic therapy, and 3) family systems therapy.While psychodynamic therapy and family systems therapy agree that human phylogenesis is largely determined by significant interpersonal relationships, and that this understanding is all important(p) to treatment, CBT places greater emphasis on the individual. The main focus of CBT is placed only on the person in therapy, their schemas, automatic thoughts, and cognitive distortions (Freeman Eig, n.d.). Conversely, psychodynamic theory revolves rough feelings and behavior macrocosm determined by interactions with others. Transference plays a recognise role in understanding record patterns of behavior which originated in preliminary attachment-based relationships (Leichsenr ing, Hiller, Weissberg, Leibing, 2006). Psychodynamic psychotherapy aims to identify problematic relationships from the past and to provide the client with a safe, therapeutic relationship, as well as helping them build additional positive relationships. While family systems therapy also works within the context of attachment-based relationships, the focus is on the relational dynamics taking place in the moment. Family and couples therapists work with all affected people, together and separately, in order to address intrapersonal and interpersonal dysfunction (Liddle, 2010).CBT and psychodynamic therapy both address the clients core beliefs, though how these beliefs were formed is not necessarily crucial to CBT based treatment. Family systems puts the focus on developing positive interactions between family members. Meanwhile, relationships in family systems therapy are already established and occurring in the model (Liddle, 2010). Psychodynamic therapy focuses on harmful relati onships of the past and understanding them, but not everlastingly focusing on building positive relationships in the future.While both the CBT and Psychodynamic approach attempt to diminish psychopathological symptoms and grief, a very central difference between CBT and psychodynamic therapy is that psychodynamic therapy attempts to determine at why you feel or behave the way you do. Specifically, psychodynamic therapy concentrates on trying to uncover the deep and practically unconscious pauperizations for feelings and behavior whereas CBT does not necessarily consider this a precedence you cant see whats ahead of you when youre looking over your shoulder (Freeman, 1993, 2011). In enforce, CBT attempts to lessen the clients suffering as quickly as possible training their mind to replace maladaptive thought patterns, perceptions, and conduct with helpful ones in order to modify behavior and affect.Part II1. How is structure utilise in CBT? What is the purpose of structuring t he academic sittings? What techniques would be used to achieve the structure for the therapy and for the sessions? building in therapy can have several stringentings. Structure could mean the coif of the therapy as a whole, whether it would be very brief, short-term, or long-term. Structure could mean the environment of where therapy takes place, such as in a hospital or in a private office. However, the near relevant and crucial core of structure within CBT is the structure of the session. 45-50 minutes a week is not a great length of time, so the structure of CBT in practice should be designed to be as efficient as possible. separately session should be a meaningful exchange between therapist and client. The therapists and clients collaborative goals should always be center stage, but the set ag stopum needs to take precedence. As Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon (1990) notes, spending a few minutes each session is an asset to the therapeutic milieu and is possibly the m ost valuable technique in creating a environment of progression kind of of digression.A typical structure of a session as described by Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon (1990) involves agenda setting, a review of clients current status, consideration of events of the past week, requesting feedback regarding previous session, review any homework from the previous session, a focus on main agenda issues, develop any new homework, and once again looking for feedback regarding current session (p.17). Taking into consideration how the client and therapist envision the sessions while creating a agenda allows redirection of the client when the discussion goes off the expect path, but also reduces the likeliness that the client will feel pushed around or reversed (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). Additionally, a client who is defensive, aggressive, or always in crisis may make the progression of the weekly session unstable when a joint program is not set (Persons, Davidson, Tomp kins 2001).Therefore, the collaborationism between client and therapist when setting the main agenda is essential. If this teamwork does not occur, in where the therapist decides completely the topic of the session, the client may not effectively grasp the meaningfulness of the session due to a lack of motivation because they do not feel involved. Additionally, a lack of review of the agenda with the client may also put the inexperienced therapist unsealed of where to go next in the session (Persons, Davidson, Tompkins 2001). The termination of a session should not be an unexpected and sudden event for the client. A therapist must bring some sort of closure in relation to goals of the session while allowing sufficient time to address the ending of therapy and any issues the client still has. (Joyce, Piper, Ogrodniczuk, Klein (2007). Therefore, even with an opportunity for feedback about the previous session toward the beginning of a session, there should be a set time for feedba ck about the current session at the end of the therapy. In both instances, this time allows for a discussion of problems that may have occurred, such as errors in communication, misunderstandings, or general feedback from the client (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990).4. How is self-loving Personality bother defined, assessed, conceptualized, and treated? How does a therapist deal with this resistant patient?Narcissistic Personality Disorder is defined by cognitive processes that involve selective attention of the meaning of events and dichotomous thinking (Freeman, n.d.). This dysfunctional internal thought arrangement is due to the postulation that the individual considers themselves as special, or just better than others. However, from a psychodynamic spatial relation, the definition of the disorder changes a bit. Ledermann (1982), describes the disorder as something of an opposite of an individual who considers themselves as special or has a liking to engage in self-wo rship, it is the inability to do it oneself and hence the inability to love another personThey are fixated on an early defense structure which springs into being in infancy-when, for whatever reasons, there is a catastrophically bad moderate between the baby and the mother, frequently compounded by the lack of an becoming father and by other inimical experiences in childhood. Babies, thus deprived, bugger off into persons who lack trust in other peopleThey experience their lives as bootless and empty, and their feelings as being frozen or split off (p.303). This psychodynamic perspective is a bit extremist and obviously over-analyzed. To say that the self-conceited individual is unable to love is akin to calling an individual with low self esteem a sociopath. On second thought, it has been noted that a self-conceited individuals is very similar to a sociopath due to a lack of empathy for others and no desire to do what is right (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). Regar dless, one could argue that the narcissistic individual really does suffer from low esteem. That maybe they are taking hold at the straws of the world looking for someone to approve of them. The more believably reality is that on a day by day, second to second process, the narcissistic individual is looking for aspects of their lives and environment that feed or scoff into their own schema of how great they are. This could also entail an ignoring of any secern that goes contrary to their belief structure.Therefore, the treatment and the goal of therapy for the narcissistic individual is not to necessarily expose the cognitive flaws and the interpersonal manipulations that have occurred. Doing so would go against the foundation of the narcissistic individuals schematic structure and probably prematurely end therapy (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). First, a realization of the difficulty that lies ahead must occur for the client and the therapist. There must be a observed equalization of great power between the therapeutic alliance because preventing a power struggle is chiefly the first step that must be taken. Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, (1990) allude to the idea that homework assignments may not be the best approach with these individuals due to the likelihood of noncompliance because of the patients belief that they are special. Instead the therapist must present the therapy to the client as something of great value to them instead of a type of humiliation (Freeman, n.d.). A resistant patient such as this is not only opposing to feedback or questioning, they see it as a complete aggressive criticism that attacks their very existence. Due to their innate response to invalidate a therapists statement or view, a therapist must be dynamic and hold an absolute positive regard towards the individual and count to appreciate deeply what is stated by the client.