Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay Example for Free

Race and ethnicity in the United States nosecount EssayThe media is an industry where the competition is intense and it has been used by the political relation individuals, organizations, institutions, society, and family etc. for confused purposes. However, due to the increasing competition in the industry, m whatsoever at times the functions and duties which the media owes to the society atomic number 18 significantly overlooked. There are various functions of the media some will be discussed later on in this paper.The aim of the media has to a fearfully large extent shifted from fulfilling its roles to the society, rather their counsel is often on how much entertainment they can offer to their audience and how much money they can make and how quickly they can make it. Entertainment and money make is definitely key in the existence, survival and growth of this industry, nevertheless, this should not be achieved by inappropriately portraying a groups identity in any form. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Construction To make or create, by putting together ideas, components or arguments. Group Identity This refers to a psyches sense of belonging to a group.Media- Are communication channels through which intelligence operation, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes any broadcasting and define casting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet (business dictionary, 2015). THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY BY TAJFEL TURNER (1979) This possibility was propounded in order to understand the psychological reasons and basis for inter- group discrimination. The components of this theory goes thus Categorization- This is the process of putting ourselves and others into categories, our self-image is familiar spiritd with the categories we belong to.Identification This is the process by which we associate ourselves with certain groups of volum e. Nevertheless there are some groups we dont want to be identified with (out groups) and there are some we would want to be identified with (in groups). Comparison- This is the process through which we compare our groups with other groups, thereby creating a positive bias towards the groups in which we are members of. This aspect of this work will focus on two salient functions of the media amidst the various ones there are. Social hereditary pattern function- The onus lies on the media to transmit positive racial and ethnic values about(predicate) every existing race and ethnic group.The act of highlighting and spotlighting the various negativities of races and ethnic groups should be avoided. Surveillance function- This is the duty the media owes to the society in circulating news and information when necessary, the media is responsible for(p) for providing information about events. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GROUP IDENTITY BY HOLLYWOOD (A STUDY OF THE LATINO RACE) There are five acc laimed races in the world 1) Mongoloid (Asian and the Statesn Indian) 2) Caucasoid (European) 3) Australoid (Australian and oceanic) 4) Negroid (East African black).5) Capoid (South African black) The Hispanics could be said to belong to the Mongoloid race and most of the 315 billion people who live in the United States of America are either immigrants or drive home ancestry to another country. In actual fact, the only truly American people are the Native ones. This country is based on the idea of migration in pursuit of a remediate social and economic life.According to U. S. Census Bureau (2012), there are most 52 million Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States, representing approximately 16. 7% of the total population of United States of America, and make them the nations largest ethnic minority. Among Hispanic subgroups, Mexicans rated as the largest at 63%, followed by Puerto Ricans (9. 2%), Cubans (3. 5%), Salvadorans (3. 3%), Dominicans (2. 8%), and the re master(pr enominal)ing 18. 2% were Colombians, Guatemalans, Portuguese, Honduras, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Brazilian.The main reason for their migration has been either that they are politically endangered or have financial problems. For instance the Cubans who ended up in America wanted to flow from the political conditions in their country. Escaping from the communist government practiced in Cuba, they were considered as political refugees in America for three and a half decades until 1995. As a result of Americas opposition to the Cuban government, they were treated in America better than almost any other ethnic group.This has also been partly because of their high level of education and professionalism before migration (Martins, 2006 as seen in Mousavi Sadeghi, 2013). Latinos, Mexicans in particular, mostly live in the Southwest almost half in atomic number 20 and Texas. Puerto Ricans are mostly in the East and Cubans are in Florida.According to the U. S. Census Bureau, legal Hispanic household income is only 75 percent of ashen American income. There is also a high rate of poverty and unemployment among them, and their socio economic status is at a low level. The cause for this situation is partly their jobs being the lowest paid ones, their low education level, and employment discrimination (Camarillo and Bonilla, 2001). They are present in the news, advertisements, election campaigns, political debates, television and films.The common major(ip) feature that is present in all of these portrayals is the problems related to them that should be solved and not to be glorified, exaggerated or exploited by Hollywood. Before at a time African Americans were more likely to be portrayed as domestic workers in Hollywood. African Americans played major roles in television sitcoms such as Beulah in the 1950s and Gone with the wind in 1939. In recent times Latinos have increasingly replaced African Americans as Hollywood domestics. Hollywood has presented an irrational reality of the Latino people to the American people and to the world at large, it has exaggerated a poor image of this particular race.Although the Latinos who live in America get more roles to play in Hollywood, most of these roles are mentioned in the next paragraph. The Latino female is often presented as a temptress, vamp, lustful, promiscuous, unfaithful, manipulative, of loose morality or submissive at times in relation to a white male fantasy, low class, serving the whites. A list of Ten Latino Female artists who have played the role of a maid in Hollywood Movies/series. Jennifer Lopez Maid in Manhattan, 2002 Aida Linares- Clueless, 1995 Lupe Ontiveros- As good as it gets, 1997 (She has played an adjudicate of 150 maid roles on television).Consuela-Family Guy, 2005-till present Nadine Valesquez-My name is Earl, 2005-2009 Paz Vega- Spanglish, 2004 Kate Del Castillo- La misma Luna, 2007 Adriana Barraza- Babel, 2006 Catalina Saavedra, The maid, 2009 Roselyn Sanchez, Devious M aids, 2013- till present Pania Ramirez Devious Maids, 2013 till present THE MEDIA, DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL spay INITIATIVE (MDSCI)S SIX YEAR STUDY REVEALS SOME STATISTICS. Among the racial and ethnic groups studied in the Media, Diversity, and Social Change Initiatives report, released haughty 2014, Latinos made up only 4.9% of movie characters across 100 of 2013s top-grossing films. According to the U. S. Census Bureaus estimates, there are roughly 52 million Latinos in the U. S. as of July 1, 2011, or just over 16% of the current U. S. population. That number is on track to reach 132. 8 million or about 30% of the U. S. population by July 1, 2050. LATINOS THAT ARE DEPICTED IN TOP-GROSSING MOVIES ARE MOSTLY NAKED. While the study does note that Hispanic females (37. 3%) were more likely to be featured in popular films than were white females (29. 6%) or Asian females (32%), Latinas are also more likely than females among any of the other groups studied (37. 5%, to be precise) to be shown partially dressed or nude on the big screen.LATINOS ARE ALSO HIGHLY possible TO BE SEXUALIZED. The sexualization of Latinos does not stop with women. Latino men were the most likely among the studied groups (16. 5%) to be depicted wearing tight, alluring or show clothing. DANGERS OF THE NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL OF RACE ETHNICITY BY THE MEDIA ?Since there is a tendency to believe what is represented or depicted by the media as particular races or ethnic groups are often negatively portrayed, others who are not acquainted with such group of people are bound to believe they are in reality the way the media has presented them. ?Another danger of negative portrayals of race/ethnic groups by the media is that the younger ones from such groups may not be able to see themselves better than the way the media has portrayed them. For example if a race is continually depicted as a maid or as vulgar murderer the younger generation of such groups may not see anything wrong with being tha t way and could actually end up as same. ?This particular race have existing challenges of employment, poor education the continuous depictions as such does not help solve these problems, but only worsens them. ?It could be difficult for people who are negatively portrayed to keep relationships with or amongst other races who are depicted as superior to them. THE NOLLYWOOD CONSTRUCT OF ETHNICITY (A STUDY OF THE YORUBA, AND NORTHERN NIGERIANS) The founding fathers of Yoruba films in Nigeria i. e. Herbert Ogunde, Moses Olaiya (Baba Sala) establish their works on the constructive values of the Yoruba ethnic group without leaving their audience entertained.In recent times Nollywood has neglected the transfer of social heritage function in the production of Yoruba films. More often than necessary abusive statements, raining of curses and the invention of such and rascality has been synonymous with Yoruba films. The very rich Yoruba kitchen-gardening which the world could learn from is o ften being tarnished by our film industry. However there are various Yoruba producers who focus on spreading the positivity of the Yoruba last i. e. Tunde Kelani, Tade Ogidan, Yinka Afolayan. Men from the Northern part of Nigeria are also often times portrayed as either a gateman or the security man of a well-established family.The character who could actually be Yoruba speaks like a man from the north to convince the audience that the gateman is a man from the Northern part of the Country. Little does Nollywood be intimate that many of the gatemen in Lagos which I can speak for are not even Nigerians. I have observed that most of the gatemen/security men in reality are actually from Niger Republic many of them look like Nigerian Northerners, are able to speak Hausa language but they are not Nigerians. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Every race has some sort of value and norms that could be positive, the media should hereby seek out such and spread them.The media needs to respect the fact that e very human person has dignity and should be portrayed as such. ?They never should never assume that a particular race or ethnicity is less than the other, disregardless of the socio economic status of such groups. ?The media should seek to solve the challenges faced by some races and ethnic groups rather than exploit them. The media should be reminded that they are socially responsible to the society, thus they should be mindful of what they feed the society with.

OCD in Motion Picture Essay Example for Free

OCD in Motion Picture EssayAs darling As It Gets is a movie that portrays the life of a mostbody with a psychiatric disorder called obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The protagonist Melvin Udall (played by Jack Nicholson) is a novel script writer who lives in an apartment with Simon Bishop (played by Greg Kinnear) as his neighbor. Melvins odd behaviors enlighten his life difficult when dealing with people around him. He is preoccupied with too many compulsions that he did not have time to build a wellnessy relationship with other people. He is not sensitive to the words he say not wise to(p) that he is already hurting the mortals feelings.His life starts to change when Simon was hospitalized and Melvin was forced to take cargon of Simons dog, Verdell. The dog acted as a nosepiece for Melvin and Simon to become friends. Melvin as well became close acquaintances with Carol Connelly (played by Helen Hunt), a waitress in the restaurant where he always dine. He falls in de light in with Carol but due to his unpredicted odd behaviors, Carol moves away from him. Thanks to Simon, he helped things become okay between Carol and Melvin. Deeply in love with Carol, Melvin tries to change his ways and the movie ended with a bright to date uncertain future.As the psychiatric disorder progresses, the long-suffering as rise up as the people surrounding him starts to complain about his behavior. Below ar several complaints the patient and his significant others have in the movie As Good As It Gets Melvin to Simon Im clearing my head, dont like myself any more. Im tired. Melvin to Dr. Green Dr. Green, how can you diagnose some bingle with an obsessive- compulsive disorder and act as if he have some filling? Are you teasing me? Carol to Melvin Dont you have any control of how creepy you are about to get? I want my life for just one minute but my biggest problem is somebody else has a free convertible so I can get out of this city Stop it wherefore cant I j ust have a normal boyfriend? Why? A regular boyfriend who doesnt go nuts on me Simon to Melvin Youre sick. Everything looks distort and everything inside you. You hate everything so you can barely find a way to complain. Generally speaking, the people are complaining about Melvins attitude. His attitude is so bothersome that it prevents him from building a healthy relationship with other people.Melvin tries to be nice to some people but his present attitude serves as a bias why most of them consider his kindness as an act of insult or deceit. He somehow violates an obsession with Carol. In order to fare the problem of the invitee, it is better if the health provider would take some sort of history taking. History taking is important since it serves as a baseline to hump the roots of a certain disorder. The history taking can be started with simple questions regarding the patients name, age, occupation and the like.Taking OCD into consideration, the health provider should ask specific questions that go out help in understanding the disorder of the patient. If a patient is asked to describe his/her past childhood experiences, the client may state that he/she has experienced harsh toilet training. Toilet training is an important aspect that must be accomplished during toddler years. Considering the fact that autonomy must be favored more than shame and doubt, toilet training must be done in way the child practices his autonomy.The client may also say that whenever he/she experiences anxiety, he/she begins performing repetitive actions. Exploring deeper into the question, the client may also say that his compulsions or rituals take him several minutes or hours to accomplish. Attempts to stop these compulsions are reported to be unsuccessful. If asked about his/her relationship with other people, the client may say that he/she finds it hard to build a healthy relationship because his compulsions prevent him from doing so.In the movie, As Good As It Gets, a ctor Jack Nicholson portrays the role of a person with an obsessive compulsive disorder. Obsessive compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder wherein the person has recurrent unwanted thoughts called obsessions. To relieve the anxiety brought by these thoughts, the person is involved in repetitive behaviors such as hand washing, checking and counting. These so called rituals or compulsions subdue a persons anxiety while deprivation from these rituals increases the persons anxiety. However, the action only provides temporary relief.Jack Nicholson shows odd behaviors which add humor to the movie. Whenever he washes his hands, he always uses a new soap then throws it away. He also avoids stepping on the cracks on the floor whenever he goes outside his apartment for a walk. At the same time, he feels that he should eat on the same table in his favorite restaurant and even bring along his plastic utensils whenever he dines on that point. The way of locking and unlocking the doors of hi s apartment is complicated as well as turning the lights on and off. He needs to follow certain number of measure before getting over with it.He is characterized as verbally abusive which offends people most of the time. He also lives in solitary and has no friends at all, although he is considered as a famous novel writer. Those living with this kind of people find themselves in a state of frustration. The obsessions as well the compulsions make the lives of these people difficult. To support the diagnosis of OCD on Melvin Udall, certain criteria must be met with DSM TV IR. Obsessions of a client with OCD must be intrusive, inappropriate, recurrent, and persistent, and causes distress and anxiety.There are unsuccessful attempts to ignore the obsessions with positive adaptive actions and thoughts. People with this disorder are not excessively worried about real life problems and they usually tell that these obsessions are produced by their own thoughts. On the other hand, the comp ulsions of a person with OCD are converted to repetitive behaviors such as hand washing, counting, and arranging things check to color, height, and the like. They display these excessive behavior or mental acts for them to prevent distress or frightening events.At some point during the course of the disorder, the client leave recognize that these excessive thoughts and behaviors are inappropriate or unreasonable. The compulsions themselves are time consuming and they interfere with the clients ability to perform for their daily needs. such needs would include food, occupation, social activities, and healthy relationship with other people. Lastly, these obsessions and compulsions are not side effects of other substances such as alcohol or medications. They are merely coping mechanisms for a person to relieve anxiety.Considering that the patient has obsessive compulsive disorder, sets of treatment are planned to help relieve the patients anxiety. Treatments or interventions can be divided into three therapeutic relationship, psychopharmacology, and milieu management. Starting off with the therapeutic relationship, the nurse must ensure that the staple fibre needs such as food, clothing, grooming, and the rest are met by the client. Client has less time in dealing with these activities since they are preoccupied by their obsessions and compulsions. give up time for the patient to finish the ritual.Setting limits has more advantage than stopping the ritual abruptly because it may ensue panic than relief. Prepare simple yet structured activities for the client. This is a good and productive diversion for the clients obsessive compulsive behavior. Whenever the client demonstrates a non-ritualistic behavior, give praise or recognition. This lead increase self-worth and self-esteem. Be empathic with the client and be aware of the need in performing the rituals. It leave behind convey acceptance and understanding on the clients situation. Certain doses also hel p the patient deal with OCD.Clomipramine is considered as the drug of choice in dealing with these clients. However, a certain group of drug is said to be effective for this kind of psychiatric disorder. They are called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). SSRI is a kind of antidepressant that treats depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. As the name suggests, it prevents the reuptake of serotonin whose action is to elevate the mood. Since OCD is an anxiety disorder, it is proven to be effective and helps in dealing with the anxiety of the patient. whatsoever of SSRI drugs commonly used are fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. However, one should watch the side effects of these drugs. SSRIs are known to cause gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and diarrhea. They are also known to cause anticholinergic effects as well as sexual dysfunction. Milieu management also helps in the treatment of anxiety disorders particularly the cogniti ve behavior therapy (CBT). Although rooted in two different theories, it is found to be effective in treating patients with anxiety disorder.The basic concept of utilize the CBT in anxiety disorders is systematic desensitization or in vivo approach. It is believed that fear is learned and continued to be learned unless the client is exposed to certain stimuli. sign exposure causes an increase in physical and emotional distress. As the desensitization therapy progresses, the client then will learn how to unlearn hi/her fear. In OCD, there is what we call exposure with response prevention which is directly under the CBT. The aim of CBT is the same with systematic desensitization.Nonetheless, as anxiety is relieved, so is the ritualistic behavior of the client. Others would also consider thought stopping, a technique wherein the clients intrusive obsessions are substituted with adaptive ones such as deep breathing or walking. As the treatment goes, several outcomes must be predicted in order to evaluate whether the treatment is effective or not. It can be short term or long term. Short-term outcomes would include the following 1. Patient will be able limit the time needed in performing rituals. 2. Patient will report and identify strategies and actions that will be substituted for compulsions.3. Patient will be able to finish and focus on the structured activities given to them by their health provider. These short-term outcomes must be followed in order for the client to achieve long-term outcomes. Nonetheless, long-term outcomes would include 1. Patient will be able to develop strong and healthy relationship with the people surrounding him/her. 2. Patient will be able to substitute compulsions with positive adaptive behaviors and thoughts. References Ziskin, L. (Producer), Brooks, J. L. (Director). 1997. As Good As It Gets Motion Picture. United States TriStar Pictures

Counterbalancing China or Exploiting BRICS

Counterbalancing china or Exploiting BRICSCOUNTERBALANCING CHINA OR EXPLOITING BRICS OPTIONS FOR INDIAINTRODUCTION1.BRICS, a unique collection of countries with sh ared opportunities common challenges, came into being in New York in Sep 2006. However, it was during the third Summit at Sanya, in China, in Apr 2011 that South Africa joined this multitude thereby completing the acronym. BRICS symbolises the amalgamation of the most powerful emerging economies of the world into a group whose composite economic strength volitioning wrest the orbicular economic power a demeanor from the jumpedG7economies.2.BRICS economies account for a quarter of the worlds Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been consistently displaying sustained high annual growth rates. The economic possible of the BRICS nations cannot be overlooked however, it is yet to be seen whether BRICS would only limit itself to being an economic group or will it as well as assert itself on the world matters in orbicul ate forums that have been dominated by the G7 nations. The possibilities of using its economic dominance are endless. In its quest to pretend the stated goals, it is imperative that these nations work jointly stickingly.3. The Sixth BRICS Summit held in Brazil on 16th 17th Jul was an all-important(prenominal) milestone for the member nations as well as huge economic opportunities for them as well as the member nations with the announcement of making BRICS Bank operational to be headquartered at Shanghai. China and India being the two of the largest and most influential members share an uneasy relationship both economically and semipolitically. BRICS is the key to their relationship and path to mutual growth.Statement of the worry4.Can India leverage BRICS platform to offset its economic and border issues with China?Hypothesis5.India can resolve its economic and border issues with China by leveraging BRICS platform. order of Data Collection6.The information for this paper shal l be gathered through the study of various books, journals papers in print as well as the Internet. Views of various guest speakers would to a fault be incorporated. An attempt would be made to refer the sources from various agencies.Scope7.The scope of the Dissertation is-(a)Background/Historical perspective of BRICS.(b) economic potential of BRICS.(c)Significance of BRICS in global politics/ international governance.(d)Challenges faced way ahead.(e) Sino-Indian Disputes.(e)Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future.(f) How India can leverage BRICS.CHAPTERSChapter I Background/Historical survey Of BRICS8.This section will attempt to throw light on the origin the journey of BRICS from its inception to the present day. It will also broadly cover important aspects of the Goldman Sachs report by Jim O Neil that brought about the acronym of BRICS.Chapter II Economic Potential of BRICS9.Developing to Emerging Economies. This section of the paper will bring out the geo economic ge o political journey of individual nations, leading to their present status. It will also give out the steps initiated by the member nations of BRICS to emerge as a cohesive stable economic platform. It will also highlight the key economic reforms resorted to by the BRICS nations the latent potential existing with these members.10.Present Scenario. This section will deal with the certain economic potential of the BRICS nations, both individually collectively. The present potential of BRICS has been listed as progressive however certain critical aspects that boost the economic potential are not symmetric across the members of BRICS.12.Future Potential. The future potential as predicted for the BRICS will be discussed in this section. This section will also analyse the barriers that BRICS can fulfill to immune itself from the present global economic slowdown thereby holding its economic growth. It will aim to bring out that as economic powerhouses regional hubs, intra-BRICS mar ket place integration can insulate these nations from worldwide economic downturn.Chapter III Significance Of BRICS in Global Politics / International Governance13. Economics Finance. The interaction of BRICS members in order to reform international financial system is likely to remain a key priority in the midterm perhaps also in the long term.14. Global Politics. BRICS as a group has already accumulated valuable experience in coordinating actions with regard to several major global political problems. BRICSs deeper engagement with the UN will aim to preserve strengthen the central role of the Security Council in maintaining international peace security.15.Security. The format of the BRICS does not proffer for deliberating military, political issues developing mechanisms for military cooperation. However, there are regular meetings of the high representatives of the members on security issues, including strategic stability, international regional security, non-proliferation of weapons of mass devastation the settlement of regional conflicts. This section will aim to bring out the underlying security implications for the BRICS nations in current geo political environment.Chapter IV Challenges Faced room Ahead16.The BRICS is still in its nascent stage owing to which it is likely to face a number of challenges ahead. The member nations need to overcome the internal contradictions to develop the group into a cohesive entity. This section will analyse some of these challenges like-(a)Growth Disparity between member nations.(b)Trade Imbalance Mutual Distrust.(c)Public Private Participation.(d)Policy reforms for BRICS members to make for their growth processes more durable development oriented.(e)Bring out the need to reform the structure functioning of IMF.(f)Launching of a joint development fix.17.The Way Ahead. Under way ahead, recommendations for BRICS nations to sustain their economic growth mutual development will be deliberated. The import ant aspects such as mutual cooperation, handling of economic situation, establishment of BRICS bank and other miscellaneous issues will be discussed.Chapter V Sino-Indian Disputes.18. This chapter will be covering the disputes between both the nations as under-Border issues.Geopolitical threat.Economic imbalance.Tibet issues.Nexus with Pakistan.Potential arms race.Indian Ocean Region.Brahmaputra water projects dispute.(j) Race for minerals/hydrocarbons in Africa and CAR.Chapter V Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future.19. This Chapter will be dealing with the mutual relations-(a) Political relations.(b) Economic relations.(c) Potential cooperation areas.Chapter V How Can India Leverage BRICS?20.Key Thrust Areas for India. There are a few key storm areas that India must seek in order to enhance its influence in the world forums. These thrust areas such as strengthening economic infrastructure reforms, construct strategic alliances with members of BRICS, maintenance of ste ady pace of economic growth increasing service industrys influence energy security will also be discussed in this section.21.Leveraging BRICS.(a)Geo-Political Leverage. This sub section will bring out how India stands to gain Geo-Political mileage by being part of BRICS. It will cover the aspects that will bear major advantages for India in the Geo-Political sphere.(b) Economic Leverage. This sub section will dwell upon Indias likely economic gains from BRICS that will further boost its economic growth add greater value to its economic potential.(c) Geo-Strategic Leverage. BRICS offers India ample opportunities to enhance its global reach overcome certain strategic impediments. This sub section will view all these opportunities against the backdrop of the Geo-Strategic implications that they may bring forth.(d) Defence Cooperation. This sub section will analyse the opportunities that India will have in realms of security while being the member of this group especially as Russia China, two of major military powers also part of the group.CONCLUSION19. It is well evident that BRICS has emerged as an entity that has the potential to challenge the influence of G7 in the world forums. This potential evolves from a sustained economic growth the diversity exhibited by its member nations. The economic potential of BRICS is the repair reason why it is being viewed as the initiation of a Multi Polar World Order that is set to overcome the unipolar hegemony of the US. However, BRICS, in order to maintain its economic potential will need to eradicate multiple challenges that it faces due to the Geo-strategic locations divergent national interests of its member nations. BRICS will be a success in true self only if India and China can resolve their mutual issues and steer it towards the path of development and prosperity.

Developing Corporate Entrepreneurship

Developing Corporate EntrepreneurshipIntroductionTodays economy is experiencing its ups and downs very quickly rising competitiveness and fast changing technologies create pres surely to the companies that want to catch ones breath at the top of their markets. This is not going to slow down, so the need for tools of success is arising. At the same clock we are moving a substance from the Morris and Kuratko (2002) intuitive feeling that entrepreneurs are born, not made. That is why the wanting, believing, hoping, planning must be followed by doing. As already Confucius said When it is obvious that the stopping points cannot be reached, dont adjust the goals, adjust the put to death stairs. It is time for action and one form of it that suits contrary businesses nowadays is Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE).As it was stated by Sharma and Chrisman (1999), unified entrepreneurship is the forge whereby an individual or comp any of individuals, in association with an existing organ ization, create a bare-assed organization or instigate renewal or innovation within that organization. There are lots of definitions for CE nowadays, but all of them do not channel the fact that CE is a tool for differentiation and competitive advantage in todays economy. In order to make a go of this phenomenon, organizations have to develop their strategies how to implement the entrepreneurial spirit in the all(prenominal)day practices. In this way somatic entrepreneurship spontaneous or induced by the fellowship itself forget be not rare and un pass judgment, but in contrary, become a tool of overcoming privileged issues, as hygienic as external pressures.Corporate Entrepreneurship and Human Resource ManagementA lot of investigatees, studies were conducted in order to discover the inevitable equity that CE positively professs the performance of a confederation it creates competitive advantages, alleviates to differentiate, adapt to new or quickly changing markets, and deal with external and internal challenges. As CE is seen as a multifaceted tool, the intensity of CE in an organization can be described by five different dimensions determine in a meta-analysis by Saly (2001) progressiveness, risk propensity, proactiveness, corporate venturing and self-renewal. When creating an organizational structure, as well as wrong enculturation, these dimensions should be a scale measuring the prox success of a connection. Dealing with the globalization and fast moving commutes, a friendship must take risks, be proactive and strive for innovation. Nurturing these traits, adapting to the environs (self-renewal) and advance creation of something valuable that generates returns are CE key success factors in the economy of today.Of course no CE can be fostered without Human dandy (HC). In order to become an innovative, entrepreneurial organization needs the knowledge, skills, experience the HC can admit. This is why HC should be one of the most of import and valuable assets for every organization. Investing in HC should be a first smell towards building and encouraging the entrepreneurial direction of the overall caller-up.As from the employee-organization relations (EOR) literature (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002), the strongest influencers of employee affect are the organizations leaders. Their Human Recourse Management (HRM) practices can valuably contribute to publicationive enhancement of CE. Different HRM techniques can create a suitable inside culture for an organization to become innovative, pliable and more(prenominal) entrepreneurial. Each HRM practice can be addressed to different employee characteristics and in this way design the employee-organization races towards a incorporated entrepreneurial collaboration. Therefore EOR strengthened with HRM practice can become an efficient tool for creating a collective entrepreneurial atmosphere inside any organization.As organizations nowadays become living entit ies, diving into the trend of organizational erudition, there is less fear that it will develop a strategy and become stagnant. That is why the HRM practices also evolve during the life of a company. Introducing new projects, renewal of the staff with different KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics) needed at the time, allocating resources needed for development and inside learning all this organizational keep up is now more a necessity than luxury. So, correspondence that without a learning attitude and readiness to change according the situation, any HRM practices will not be able to influence the companys corporate entrepreneurship level, is vital. Following the idea of George Bernard Shaw Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything.HRM practices fostering CE inside the companyHRM practices should be an primary(prenominal) driver of CE beca function it involves organizational learning control by collaboration, creativity, and individual commitment (Kaya, 2006). To foster CE in a company the first task is the set up of internal culture and environment (studies tell there have to be available resources, wariness nurse and a reliable organizational structure sort out at the beginning in order for a company could start entrepreneurial activities). Following different studies conducted on the topic of CE and HRM practices, how to establish a suitable internal environment for intrapreneurship seems to be based on these organizational arrangements/managerial toolsStaff picking the objective of staff selection is to form an grab resource base of HC to foster entrepreneurial activity.As the HC of any company is one of the most primary(prenominal) facilitators of CE, selective hiring can be a tool for influencing the CE level. The selection criteria should fit the organizations culture, be in line with the CE dimensions and reflect the needs of the company.During the proce ss of selecting staff it is beneficial to think about the skills needed in the industry the company operates, how the employees could engagement together and create a brain trust. Emphasizing the aggroup spirit is very important, because the prominence of collective entrepreneurship is growing. New members should have new ideas and complement the staff by being different and experts of their own sphere. New management staff should have relevant KSAOs, be creative, strive for action and be supportive. Finally, a possibility to grow in ones own career should also be seen during this process, because it will serve as a motivation tool and foster better environment in the company.Management support the positive attitude as well as encouragement of the higher hierarchy levels of the company for generating and developing new business ideas.Management support is important because it indicates the willingness of the managers to facilitate, promote and institutionalize the entrepreneurial spirit and activity within the organizations ashes and processes (Hornsby et al., 2002) which would encourage the intrapreneurs to engage in innovative projects. If the organization provides support and some autonomy it can then wager on the commitment coming from employees. Still coordinating the use of resources, contributing to the fulfillment of the separate individual signalions or efforts will end up with an augment of overall efficiency.Management support for problem solving and conflict resolution in the intrapreneurship process is required in the idea generation, development, and particularly implementation (execution) stages of the ideas (Damanpour, 1991). This will positively influence a corporations entrepreneurial behavior and enhance potential intrapreneurs perceived trustworthiness to their corporations in terms of detecting opportunities and willingness to develop novel or useful ideas, and/ or projects, and to take risks to actualize them (Stevenson and Jarillo , 1990). Internal supportive environment, tolerance for risk taking to their intrapreneurs, and a high quality HC will contribute to the innovative performance.Companys 3M approach could be taken as an illustration of the management support importance. This firm understood and experienced that capable and motivated employees can turn the company into a profitable, innovative and successful organization. That is why the management was trying to create an environment that supports individual entrepreneurship a climate that stimulates ordinary people to produce wondrous performances.Allocation of free time provision of sufficient time to work on developing novelties without any burden of routine workload. Delivery of free time inevitably encourages employees to take risks for putting their novel ideas into practice. When given time for convincing the management level about your project success, employees are not so distracted from their main duties and usually show more commitment to wards the company. precisely this creates a necessity for additional control that the allocated free time would be used for purposes that gain ground both sides. Here it comes out that before any significant changes there is a need of HRM practices that boost mutual understanding, better ties between employees and the organization, and make sure their values and visions are on the same path.Organizational structure should be convenient concerning decentralization level or decision-making autonomy.Employees should have the opportunity to express and suggest their ideas easily. The suitable decentralization level differs among every company, but it is a tool to become more flexible, innovative, and active suit the dimensions of CE. If organization provides autonomy for employees who actually contain out the work, this will stimulate their commitment to act in the best way for the company. Having a balanced relationship between autonomy and discipline creates an environment where employees can act, take weighted risks and innovate towards successful outcomes of the company. Companies that are becoming rigid really slow down all the innovative processes as well as cannot implement all of the possible improvements.When thinking about new ventures, projects in order to boost the competitive advantage and profitability of the company it is important they fit the organization in terms of context and organizational structure. There is a possibility to foster integrated or separate CE. For better understanding of the importance of these practices some companies can be taken as an example.Analyzing the case of the company Polaroid, one can see that the impact of bureaucracy, biases and downsizing was a bulky obstacle for nurturing inside entrepreneurship. The company was big-sized and stagnant, becoming a market follower. The entrepreneur in this company (Joline Godfrey) experienced difficulties to introduce her project because of the hard-to-reach attention of the managers, not flexible organization culture. The inside culture was also not women-friendly and did not show enough interest in projects that were not fully in the area the company operated. In such cases, when an organization becomes rigid, does not answer market needs mostly because of the compilation, slow processes CE must be fostered and implemented. One of the first steps should be an entrepreneurial-oriented structure that allocates the power of decision making not to the higher level employers, but takes into account the employees who know the most about the projects being undertaken.In the case of Lucent (a telecommunication equipment manufacturer), their New Venture Group formed a separate organizational entity. This entity was operating as a base of research for new opportunities, products, and businesses. Being separate has its advantages, because in this way the formed CE device does not suffer from the bureaucratic rules of the parent company, still can use the suppo rt needed, creates its own inside environment and culture that can foster CE more easily. That is why, when forming new entrepreneurial project each company has to value its fit in the organization.Usually small projects are of better use inside the company they can be accessible for all employees, motivate them to work on their projects too, but at the same time not to be too distracted from the mainstream of the company. An example of such an approach would be the case of the company Ohio Bell. The course of instruction ENTER-PRIZE (Excellence Through Employee Innovation) was designed in order to support, reward the employees who had ideas how to cut operating costs or generate revenues. This program was an implemented cultural change of the Ohio Bell company. Being nurtured inside the company and connected with all employees, this project had the best place inside the company, fitting the mainstream operations and concept. Fostering innovative ideas, this program was also a good example of the power of rewards towards CE growth.Incentives and rewards availability of a performance based reward system encouraging innovativeness is a way to foster entrepreneurship among employees.If the management tries to convince the employees to act like intrapreneurs, it must also be willing to pay them as entrepreneurs (Thornberry, 2003). Having trust in the rewarding system boosts the employee commitment, willingness to take risks and reveal the projects that could upbeat both sides. A reward system that is based on achievements in innovation projects, may lead the brightest and most driven players to avoid innovation projects with uncertain outcomes.Building a reward system shows a positive attitude towards the employees and can significantly add-on their motivation to benefit the organization. It is important to see the reward practices as a long-term thing, make resources available and not punish the employees straight after the first failure of an entrepreneurial project.Failure or errors tolerance in case of creative undertakings or risky project implementations. such showed tolerance together with managerial support is a strong tool creating positive environment for CE. A conservative managerial attitude will block the willingness to innovate and cause lack of confidence of the employees. In order to overcome the possible frustration, organization should support the HC even during failures and continue investing in the projects that have high potential. Taking failures as an inevitable step towards success will help to maintain the level of confidence for further innovations and profitable ideas.Of course, in order not to lose control and take sun-loving risks, companys should build an organizational mechanism to decide which innovation projects are likely to bear fruits and which should be cast aside without having trial-errors. For example, a well known company 3M implemented a more disciplined approach to defining, selecting and fund ing projects. Instead of running 100 of them as earlier, the process shifted to 12 projects from which 10 are expected to be successful. In this way companies are more oriented, quickly reacting and can create true competitive advantages through expedient CE. bringing up and development appropriate abilities can be acquired through training and development strongest results towards boosting CE. Training can overcome the factors that decrease employees job performance and satisfaction. Staff development seen as activities that increase employees qualifications and performance at all hierarchical levels through education, career management, and work structure. All these practices can promote entrepreneurial behavior and improve the environment in the company. Training programs should be oriented towards building useful CE skills, fostering the dimensions of it inside the company change acceptance, willingness to take risks, assume responsibility, and the value of teamwork and shared achievements. Training activities that enforce interpersonal skills should be fostered. Also training that supports creativity will strengthen innovativeness and potentially strengthen self-renewal and new business development. Finally, training on how to impartation new ideas into business will lead to higher intensity for risk propensity and proactiveness.For effective training, programs should fit the companys strategy and work process. To unfold their full effect on CE, expert knowledge, social competence, creativity, and methodical expertise are especially important to be considered.Specialist assignment specialists can anticipate and estimate peculiar(prenominal) problems earlier and thus identify needs for modifications more quickly.As CE is more often seen as a collective process, instead of putting the violence on one individual, firms must encourage cooperation among specialists to increase successful innovation processes. This is stressed because as environment impac ts on organizational behaviors it is also seen in change of relationships between employees and employer or managers inside the organization. In order to become competitive and innovative, firms have to adopt new strategies, as well as different employee-organization relationship (EOR) patterns. The importance of this is significantly growing, because corporate entrepreneurship involves not only product innovation, risk taking or proactive responses to environmental forces, but also organizational learning, driven by collaboration and commitment. Here the collaboration of specialists could be seen as a link between employees, managers and their potential to foster corporate entrepreneurship together.As it can be observed in the Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG (SNI), a company that confronted financial and inside environment problems with a program called vary Agent Program, managerial support, turn staff selection and employee training and development are the tools that fos ter corporate entrepreneurship spirit and help to overcome the downturn a company can experience.The kind Agent program looked to replace Siemens Nixdorfs rigid corporate hierarchy with a more flexible and entrepreneurial attitude that would be more reactive to market demands. The company operated in a very competitive European market, was undermanaged and over consulted. As the employees at SNI experienced restructuring at the company during the early mid-nineties and four years of losses, the inside culture was far away from a company one could call innovative and lead thinking (as the ones operating in IT industry in US). The program though was focused on employees, emphasizing the importance of the people at the company and expanding the opportunities open to them.The goal of the 13 workweek program was to build an understanding of business fundamentals and business change along three dimensions customer, competitiveness and culture. It combined presentations, discussions, wo rkshops, case studies, best practice rate visits, internships, and coach research. An important goal was to provide participants with new perspectives about their projects and give them the know-how to implement them upon return to the company. The programs aimed to have the sponsors (each member had two of them) provide leadership, guidance and support in order to help them achieve their project goals. This is also an example that specialists assistance is a tool fostering corporate entrepreneurship and improving the employees input. It was also aiming to help find innovative ways to approach and implement their projects.Each participant of the program had a project drawn from the area that concludes the most important challenges the company faces which were fostered by the program and implemented upon the employees return to SNI. Although the 21 Change Agents had varying degrees of success, it was clear that they played a lineament in driving SNI to profitability in the 1994 1 995 fiscal year (for the first time in the companys history). That was reflected in the decision by the SNI Executive Board to perpetuate the Program on an annual basis.Such training and development programs foster collective and individual entrepreneurship inside the company. This example shows how important it is that such tools would fit the aim and strategy of the whole company. By addressing the right problems, training the right people (at SNI they were thoroughly selected) this training program helped the company to enhance the communication within the company, improve its international operations, flexibility and determine new possible directions. The employees felt the more entrepreneurial spirit of the companys culture and were able to channel their enthusiasm for changes and revitalization, feel more responsibility, and support what opened the ways for their projects.ConclusionsHaving the goal of being visible, active in todays global economy requires established companie s to become more and more entrepreneurial in order to handle uncertainty and environmental dynamism. As the importance of CE is growing, more scholars are interested to define the specific tools that help to create and benefit from the CE inside the company.Different studies provide positive relationships between HRM practices and CE. As knowing the importance of qualified HC, so the management practices become a source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations. CE-related HR practices are unique to the extent that competitors cannot imitate them. Nevertheless the support from HR practices must be in line with that particular organizational culture and lucid with what is needed from employees.Considering the combined effects of all the OS factors, managerial support and tolerance for risk taking have still exerted significant effects on innovativeness. That is why firms should invest to build such an organizational environment where first, support and tolerance exist to a large extent. On the other side, organizations should spend more time on recruiting and training managers to be supportive and hold a philosophy that failure is a stepping-stone to success.As seen, HRM practices play a significant role in fostering and maintaining high levels of CE. Having a CE-friendly environment, companies should focus on the HRM practices of staff selection, staff development and training, and staff rewards that align employee motivation and entrepreneurial firm development. These practices show the highest correlation with innovative outcomes and positive CE results.Learning from the previously discussed real life examples it is obvious that CE is a complex phenomena to handle for different organizations. But the conclusion, that corporate entrepreneurship is a success factor in todays dense economy, stays the same. In order to foster the entrepreneurial culture inside the company it is important to maintain the focus on all possible sources and adapt the HRM practices to use them beneficially.LITERATUREEmployee-organization relationship in collective entrepreneurship an overview. Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano, David Urbano. Journal of Organizational Change Management.Bradford2010. Vol. 23, Iss. 4, p. 349-359Boosting corporate entrepreneurship through HRM practices Evidence from German SMEs. Ralf Schmelter, Ren Mauer, Christiane Brsch, Malte Brettel. Human Resource Management.HobokenJul/Aug 2010. Vol. 49, Iss. 4, p.Organizational support for intrapreneurship and its interaction with HC to enhance innovative performance. Lutfihak Alpkan, Cagri Bulut, Gurhan Gunday, Gunduz Ulusoy, Kemal Kilic. Management Decision. London2010. Vol. 48, Iss. 5, p. 732-755L.A. Hill, N.A. Kamprath and M.B. Conrad (1992), Joline Godfrey and the Polaroid Corporation (A), Harvard parentage School Case, 9492037.Chesbrough, H.W. and Massaro, A. (2001) Lucent Technologies The Future of the New entures Group, Harvard Business School Case, 9601102 119.Bartlett, C.A. and Mohammed, A. (1995) 3M Profile of an innovating company, Harvard Business School Case, 9395016 120.Kanter, R.M., McGuire, J.F. and Mohammed, A. (1997) The Change Agent Program at Siemens Nixdorf, Harvard Business School Case, 9396203 117.

Mobile Learning In Higher Education

wide awake encyclopaedism In Higher EducationThis taste provides the research done on various colleges and universities on the usage of unstable application in promoting officious nurture or m knowledge deep down the premises of the college. It as well gives a brief overview of the thorough scholarship advantages and around of the ch each(prenominal)enges that occurred in adoption of the m education over the development done by the drop of mLearning than through traditional face to face instruction or paper based learning and the current trend which is be followed. This essay also tells us about what atomic number 18 the various projects or programs or models red all around the world to promote the mLearning and how many take up already implemented mLearning.KEYWORDSEducational Technology, Higher Education, Mobile Applications, Mobile Learning, mLearning.INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this essay is to investigate the concept of m-learning and the extent to which it is orga nism implemented in higher direction and to educate the students and institutes that how technology roll in the hay be helpful in learning the programmes or getting the knowledge about the subject of their interest anytime anywhere they be located with the help of twirls such as Smart Phones and the applications are being used in those Smart Phones.Examples of the fluent apps Apples iTunesU, BlackBoard Mobile, the Amazon Kindle etc. affiliate (2009) stated that Mobile learning is done through the use of wireless peregrine technology that allows anyone to door information and learning materials from anywhere and at anytime. As a result, learners have control of when they want to learn and from which stance they want to learn.Students and trainers/teachers are empowered to announce with each separate from anywhere at any time to overlap thoughts or data with each other and at the same time they evict access the learning resources from anywhere at any time to plan the less ons which are too de liered to the students.Bereiter and Scardamalia(1994) said that the users understructure upload contents such as videos, word file or photos through their smart phones directly, into the discussion get outs just by logging into the thread which is ongoing or they can create a invigorated thread at any time they want despite of their location. This will enhance the functions provided by 3rd generation smooth phones and help in making the discussion more interactive.Lonsdale et al (2004) Mobile learning is distinguished by rapid and revenant changes of context, as the learner moves between locations and encounters localised resources, services, and co-learners. Informal learning covers any learning that takes place beyond the classroom and formal curriculum, including learning for hobbies, curiosity, personal development, club involvement and eachday survival.What is Mobile Learning or mLearning?Osman et al. (2010) cited learning by means of wireless techno logical devices that can be pocketed and utilized wherever the learners device is able to receive unbroken transmission signals.Sharples et al. (2007) argues that learning supported by industrious devices such as cellular (mobile) phones, portable computers, and personal audio players.It has been suggested by Brasher and Taylor(2004, p33-37) any sort of learning that happens when the learner is not at a fixed, predetermined location, or learning that happens when the learner takes advantage of the learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies.Rajasingham (2011) states that an activity that allows individuals to be more productive when consuming, interacting, or creating information, mediated through a compact digital portable device that the individual carries on a regular basis and has reliable connectivity and fits in a pocket or purse.With the help of Mobile learning participants are not required to sit in the classroom, just similar to distant learning. Because of incre ase in Mobile Learning, learning has taken a new route that can occur anywhere and at any point of time. Sharples et al (2007) states that Mobile Learning can occur wherever people, individually or collectively, have problems to solve or knowledge to share.Traxler (2007) and some others defined mobile learning as learning that is wireless and is done with the help of digital devices and technologies that are currently in trend, which is generated to help the general public, and it is being used by anyone who is trying to learn something remotely. And some of the others define mobile learning by concentrating only on the mobility of learners and the mobility of learning by the means of mobile devices used by learners such as smart phones.Osman (2010) cited in his article that Traxler (2007) writes so, mobile learning is not about mobile or about learning as previously understood, nevertheless part of a new mobile conception of society. Mobile Learning is not only to provide learning to learners whenever they are mobile but it should overcome the outdated concepts and the assumptions that were made about learning and how what it can change in the society(also from the technological point of view).Osman (2010) notes that some of the definitions and the understandings for mobile education/learning, which put the basic focus on the technologies and hardware, and it doesnt matter that it can be a handheld device such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), and mobile device such as Smartphones or Tablets. He also states that These definitions undermine a proper understanding of the uses of mobile technology in learning by confining their explanations and descriptions to the actual physical way in which the technology operates. According to him some of the definitions puts more focus on what learners experience when they use mobile technologies in education, while others inquire how mobile learning can be used to make a unique contribution to the advancement of educ ation and other forms of e-learning.Ally (2009) writes in his book of Mobile Learning the major turn a profit of using wireless mobile technology in his book which is to reach people who live in remote locations where in that respect are no schools, teachers, or libraries. With the help of Mobile technology that can be used by anyone despite of their geographic location which will in turn benefit communities in such places as a result students and workers will stay with their families and are not recall to move for jobs or to go to a different location to learn or to access information. He also said that At the same time, care owners, agriculture workers, and other working sectors can access information to increase productivity and improve the quality of their products by learning about agriculture and there aspects remotely using mobile devices. Finally, because remote access using wireless mobile technology reduces the need for travel, its use can reduce humanitys carbon remn ant on earth to help maintain a cleaner environment.ECAR (2012) reported that students value anytime, anywhere access to the Internet. In the most recent ECAR study of students and IT, 78% of students considered Wi-Fi extremely valuable to their academic success. While a wireless telecommunications network is obviously preferable because it allows interaction, updates, hyperlinks, and more, it is still not ubiquitous. The ECAR research report Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 found that 76% of institutions report good or very good mobile communication signal coverage in the area of our institution. This is a positive trend for on-campus mobile learning however, off-campus access to networks is important as well.Application Store for Mobile Learning in the MarketAccording to a survey done by ECAR in 2011 it states that App Brain BlackBoard website where Stand-alone mobile learning applications are proliferating at an astonishing rate As of kinsfolk 2011, the iTunes App store offe red 46,340 apps in the education category, greenbacking for 9.35% of all apps usable as of October 2011, the total number of education apps for the Android platform (available from the Android Market) was 12,129. Established e-learning systems have evolved to offer mobile components, fostering anytime, anywhere access to coursework. Blackboard Mobile is a mobile interface for the Blackboard learning management system that runs on iPad, iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and WebOS mobile devices.Description about the use of BlackBoard App in Higher EducationMost effective use of this use is to provide the users or learners with the benefit of accessing the information anytime irrespective of their geographical location and enhance the ways to enrich teaching learning. As a result it gives the students the benefits to stay connected to teachers the discussion fabrication and updated to the information regarding their studies. Everyone will have everything they need right on the mobile d evices they wanted just a click away or a flavour away from their variety of mobile devices including Android, BlackBerry and IPhone OS. With this application students and teachers can access and upload and download the multiple format document or information. This application also provide user to create thread or discussion forum to share their thoughts on a particular topic or they can seek help online by posting their problem in the discussion thread and get a reply as soon as possible from the ones who are in present in the thread.Benefits of using a BlackBoard application on a mobile device at just 1.99 a course of study or 5.99 for lifeDrop Box Integration it helps to stay updated on the android devices or iOS with the content on the phone and their drop box account so they can upload as well post that information on to the discussion thread.Mobile Tests students can take online test which are available on the blackboard and can submit the test as well at the same time.Push Notification students can receive notifications for new announcements, new graded items, a test being posted, and many other course activitiesAnnouncements this place is where instructors will post the news that students need to know. Students can access them immediately anywhere, anytime.Grades here students can have the access of their marks of their midterms or homework assignments.Discussion is a communication tool which helps to post a topic and all the participants can post their comments in that discussion forum.Content can have the access of all the information related to students course they opted for.Roster this feature provides the access to the roster of the class i.e. class list and can create a group to study.Three basic concepts of Mobile LearningOsman(2010) showed Figure 1 in which he tried to cite the three basic concepts of Mobile Learning.Mobility of Technology means with advancement of technology nowadays the processors of mobile phones are very dissipated as c ompared to the earlier smart phones. At present day we can say that there is a tsunami coming in respect of the technology as new mobile phones are being launched in every two or three week of time. Wi-Fi networks are moving the capability as of a home broadband with 3G and now 4G in marketWikipedia states 4G networks promise up to 1 GB per second transfer speed for walking or unmoving pedestrian usage.Wikipedia says that 4G wireless began rollouts in the United States in late 2010, and by 2015 the United States will have the largest 4G coverage in the world.The processing of mobile devices is change magnitude along with that of the networksPhone CPUs, the chips that power mobile computing have recently reached the 1 GHz speed, comparable to netbooks.Almost every smart phone has sensors for landscape portrait depending upon the comfort of the user for example Nokia N8, iPhones etc.Mobility of Learning/Learner with the help of this it doesnt depend where the user or learner is lo cated he or she can get the access of the information whenever they want to and from wherever they are located geographically, for example Distant Learning.The m-learning projects WITHIN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR done out the world many projects and programs are going on in development of the mLearning applications and to promote mLearning within the educational institutes among the students and educators or trainers and help them to communicate remotely to share views and data.Projects going on within USAlmost all the colleges and universities are taking Mobile Learning into the account to help learners to get the benefits of Mobile Learning and according to the ECAR research report done on mobile IT, 53% of colleges and universities had mobile-enabled at least one service, application, or website in the previous class. Similarly, a 2011 U.S. survey by the Campus Computing Project showed that 55.3% of public universities, 43.6% of public colleges, and 40.9% of community colleges hav e activated mobile apps as of fall 2011.Projects going on within UKECAR (2012) states in their research publicise that Outside the United States, mobile learning is growing by leaps and bounds. The U.K. MoLeNET program, possibly the worlds largest and most diverse implementation of mobile learning, supply by more than $25 million in funding by government and academia, involves upwards of 40,000 learners in 104 different projects involving 147 colleges and 37 schools.ECAR (2012) states in their research bulletin that mobile learning project called MyArtSpace provided children on school trips to museums and galleries with mobile phones running apps linking multimedia content with the exhibits they were attending. The students could take photos, record themselves speaking, and enter notes, which the app then relayed to a website that students could share upon returning to their classrooms.Challenges in adopting mobile learningA major challenge for educators and trainers is how to dev elop learning materials for delivery on mobile devices. The learning materials should be in manageable learning chunks and should make use of multimedia. One approach is to develop the learning materials in the form of learning objects and then link them to form a learning segment. There are many advantages of using learning objects in mobile delivery including they can be re-used and changed without affecting other learning objects, and they can be stored in an electronic repository for remote access at any time.YouTube (2012) states some of the challenges in a video for adopting Mobile Learning and they are as followFlash player which is in every smart phone but adobe said that they will not give it for every mobile device.How many devices users should have with them to access the mobile learning?To upload the data or information onto the mobile devices as the data are of weighed down size so they are more and are not as good as for a Tablet(iPads, PDAs) more than a Smartphone.IN CREASE IN takings of Smart phones and iPads then laptops or desktopsThe above figure tells the increase in the production as well as the sale of the smart phones and tablets gradually since the year 1995-2010 as compared to that of a notebook or a desktop.CONCLUSIONThis paper gives a brief overview of some of the challenges and benefits of mLearning within the educational society to improve the yield for learners and teachers as well. Mobile applications are growing day by day in market to help and support the learners and the teachers which in turn affects the way to communicate and share the information regarding learning perspectives.With the development of the technology the mobile technology is also increase and it has advanced in such a way that mobile have the same chip size of the normal computer so we can use the same device to produce same outcome but it is more portable now and smaller in size. There are various applications like Blackboard Mobile in the market using wh ich we can study on the portable devices such as smart phones, tablets, iPods etc which are smaller in size and they do the same work as a laptop or desktop wherever and whenever it is required to submit or download a document and can meet the deadlines on time.The use of mobile learning is new in education, it is important for learners and teachers to share what works and what does not work in mobile. This is critical because mobile devices are changing constantly with increasing capabilities and there is not enough time for everyone to conduct research and complete projects to learn about the best practices in mobile learning. This book is one exploit to give educators and trainers the opportunity to learn from the research and mobile learning projects so that they can build from where others have left off rather than start from the beginning.REFRENCESScardamalia M and Bereiter C (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3, 265-283.Chan T, Sharples M, Vavoula G and Lonsdale P (2004). Educational metadata for mobile learning. In J Roschelle, T Chan, Y Kinshuk and SJH Yand (eds) Proceedings of the second IEEE world(prenominal) Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE). Computer Society Press. At http//csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wmte/2004/1989/00/19890197.pdfIEEE (2002). IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata. IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2002. NewYorkThe land of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Mohamed Osman M. El-Hussein and Johannes C. Cronje, Defining Mobile Learning in the Higher Education Landscape, Educational Technology Society 13, no. 3, 2010, 12-21, http//www.ifetsinfciliournals/133/3.pdfMike Sharples, Josie Taylor, and Giasemi Vavoula, A Theory of Learning for the Mobile Age, in Sage Handbook of Elearning Research (London Sage, 2007), 221-247Andrew Brasher and Josie Taylor, Development of a Research Plan for Use of Ambient Technology to Test Mobile Learning The ories, in Mobile Learning Anytime Everywhere A Book of Papers from MLEARN 2004, eds Jill Attewell and Carol Savill-Smith, 2004, 33-37.Watanabe T (2001). Knowledge management architecture of integrated educational support. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computers in Education, Seoul, 12-15 November, 1138-1141.Ally, M. (2009) Mobile Learning Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training 1-2,Sharples, Taylor, and Vavoula, A Theory of Learning for the Mobile Age, 224.Traxler, J. (2007). Defining, Discussing and Evaluating Mobile Learning The Moving Finger Writes and Having Writ The International Review in Open and Distance Learning, 8, 1-13.Eden Dahlstrom, Tom de Boor, Peter Grunwald, and Martha Vockley, ECAR subject area subscribe to of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2011 (Research Report) (Boulder, CO EDUCAUSE Centre for Applied Research, October 2011), available from http//www.educauseedu/ecarThis information comes from the website Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 Report, Resources for ECAR Subscribers, Data Tables, available from http//www.educauseedu/ECAR/MobiIelTinHiqherEducation20l1R1238470This information comes from the website Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 Report, Resources for ECAR Subscribers, Data Tables, available from http//www.educause.edu/library/resources/future-mobile-learningGregory Dobbin, with Eden Dahistrom, Pam Arroway, and I1ark C Sheehan, Mobile ITin Higher Education, 2011 (Research Report) (Boulder, CC EDUCAUSE Centre for Applied Research, December 2011), 15-18.Big Gains in Going Mobile Slow Movement Towards Cloud Computing, Campus Computing Project, http//wwwcampuscomputincjnetlitem/campus-computincj-2011-biq-qains-qoing-rnobileMike Sharples, Dan Corlett, Susan Bull, Tony Chan, and Paul Rudman, uThe Student Learning Organiser in Mobile Learning A Handbook for Educators and Trainers, eds. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J. Traxier (London Routledge, 2005),139-149.Taylor, J., Sharples, M. , and OMalley, C., Vavoula, G., and Waycott, J., (2005) Towards a Task Model for Mobile Learning A Dialectical Approach, International Journal of Learning Technology, Special Issue Interactions, objects and outcomes in learning, eds. P. McAndrew and A. JonesPassey D (1999). Anytime, anywhere learning project evaluation. Lancaster Lancaster University/AAL.Romiszowski, Hows the e-learning baby? Factors leading to success or failure of an educational technology innovation, Educational Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 3-27, 2004.L. Rajasingham, Critical Factors for Successful E-Learning ACase Study of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, E-Learn Centre, Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3), Barcelona, Spain, 2010.L. Rajasingham, Will Mobile Learning Bring a Paradigm Shift in Higher Education? (Education Research International Volume 2011 (2011), Essay ID 528495, 10 pages doi10.1155/2011/528495R. Van Eck, Digital game-based learning, Educause Review,pp. 17-30, 2006.R. Shen, M. Wang, and X. Pan, Increasing interactivity in blended classrooms through a cutting-edge mobile learning system, British Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1073-1086, 2008.H. Ryu, Designing situated learning experiences, in Innovative Mobile Learning, H. Ryu and D. Parsons, Eds., pp. 255-272, Information Science, New York, NY, USA, 2009. C. Quinn, mLearningMobile, wireless, in-your-pocket learning, 2000,http//www.linezine.com/2.1/features/cqmmwiyp.htm.4G, Wikipedia, http//enwikipediaorqwiki4gYouTube (2012). The 5 Big Challenges of Mobile Learning YouTube . July 23rd 2012. Available from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofBjtGQsfX0 Accessed 3 November 2012.

Computer Addiction :: Computers Technology Addictions Essays

Computer AddictionHave you ever thought how much time do you spend using on a estimator in a day/ calendar week? Computers are as common in numerous households around the world. People from all age groups are encyclopaedism to operate computers and anyone who has worked with computers for long periods of time knows that computers sens be just as pinching as drinking every night of the week. Take further, Computer dependence can have a number of physical, social, and psychological effects on a person, and it is to be taken as seriously as any other addiction that a person is against, but what are those possible effects of spending too much time on the computer, and what are the causes. There are legion(predicate) causes for people are addicting on the computer. First of all, students have free access to the Internet and easily available at just about schools computer lab. Because it is free and most school provide an e-mail account and have no limit the amount of time for studen t to log on. Second, anyone who addicts to Internet has a bigger paradox with social life especially, people who are easily bored, lonely, shy, relationship problem, lake of self-confidence and low self-esteem. They may rely on the computer screen to solve person-to-person problems or meet their needs for companionship. However to ignore what cause people to addict on the computers, the endless new connections are that draws addicts to all of us. The effect of students addict on the computer not only can they lose their schoolwork or jobs but also would become withdrawn from the community. As they become ineffective to limit their time spent online often for many hours therefore, students are to minimize the time communication with others. In addition, as they spent every night of the week on computer, consequently, they get fail from the school. On the other hands, people who have trouble with their social life not only can they get worse but also can lead to seriousness psycho logical problems. As they more than likely to meet their needs for companionship form the Internet the more they become escape from the reality and become personality disorder. It has met from the article Internet addiction genuine diagnosis or not?

Ethnics of Shermans March :: essays research papers fc

Your NameTeacher NameClass and SectionDateEthics of Shermans marchingGeneral William Techumseh Shermans March through gallium and South Carolina was the turning point in the American Civil War. After heavy fighting in Tennessee and Kentucky General Sherman requested permission to take a large force play of men on a campaign to the Atlantic Ocean through North and South Carolina, Georgia, then turning North rear end through the Carolinas and Virginia. The remainder of the campaign was to divide the follower states by going through the middle of them and destroying allthing of military value. General Shermans March did achieve its goal from a military standpoint but the manner his army accomplished its goal was ethically improper. Perhaps the near famous portion of Shermans March was his campaign from Atlanta to Savannah and then to Colombia, South Carolina. The unique aspect of Shermans March was they would go without a supply line. Sherman took from his three armies a picked force of sixty-two thousand, culling out what he called the sick, the wounded, and the worthless, leaving the balance of his army with General Thomas to deal with General Hood. (Kennett) Also included Shermans force was brigadier general General Judson Kirkpatricks contingent of totality cavalry. Feeding an army is a most difficult task when operating without a supply line. Thanks to Union spies Sherman found that he would have no trouble feeding his army on what could be found locally, eating out the country he passed through. (Kennett) sustenance would be collected for the majority of the army by special foraging teams organized by divisions. This left Shermans wagons free to carry ammunition and opposite supplies necessary to military operation.General Sherman had several objectives in mind when setting out from Atlanta aside from reaching and taking Savannah. Important objectives included destroying any buildings that could assist the Confederacy. Other valuable targets to t he Union included excess livestock, railroad tracks and depots, and cotton and tobacco fields. Perhaps most critical to General Sherman was to defeat the Confederate spirit. When requesting permission to proceed with his campaign Sherman wrote to General Grant I can make this march and make Georgia howl. (Woodworth) Shermans presence in the warmness of the South was an insult to the pride of local residents, and the fact the Confederate Army could do little to stop it severely belittled national unity. Perhaps the most difficult obstacles General Sherman faced in his march to the sea were weather and terrain.