Education and Transcendentalism Essay

Education is an important necessity that all people should have. Individuals need education for choosing their path in life and living on their own. People must possess the right knowledge and reason to do those things. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Tupac Shakur have both written articles with their views on education in the United States. Emerson’s â€Å"On Education† and Shakur’s â€Å"On the Topic of Education† have generally the same ideas. Emerson and Shakur convey their strong opinions about education to show that people should learn from their own experience and should not be learning unnecessary information. The best way to learn is from one’s own experiences. Learning from books is important; however, they don’t give an individual the full perspective of something. Emerson states, â€Å"This function of opening and feeding the human mind is not to be fulfilled by any mechanical or military method†¦ in education our common sense fails us, and we are continually trying costly machinery against nature† (Emerson). Individuals should be learning more from nature and personal experiences. This generation is too connected to technology to the point where people lose sight of the world around them. Nature gives one the knowledge they need. It makes it easier to learn when one visualizes and sees the world. Similar to Emerson, Shakur wrote that schools are â€Å"not getting us ready for today’s world†¦ that’s why the streets have taught me† (Shakur). Students generally don’t learn about life lessons in school. In other words, an individual gains the most knowledge from â€Å"the streets† or being outdoors and experiencing life through their own eyes. It is important to have book smarts but also street smarts and common sense. Without street smarts and common sense one will have a difficult time living on their own. A Transcendentalist theme that is similar to these ideas of Emerson and Shakur is valuing nature. Nature and the outside world give us knowledge that we can’t learn from books. Schools fail to teach students things that are truly important. Instead, they tend to repeat the same information. Shakur points out, â€Å"After you learn reading, writing, and arithmetic, that’s it. But what [teachers] tend to do is teach you reading, writing, and arithmetic, then teach you reading, writing, and arithmetic again, then again, just [making] it harder and harder† (Shakur). Once students learn the basics, they shouldn’t keep learning them over and over again. They should be learning other important things that exist in the world. Students should have classes for drugs and alcohol, crime, racism, and other important topics that exist in America. Shakur says, â€Å"I think it should be like college where you can go and take the classes that you want. I think that Elementary school should be that way, where they give you the classes you take, for the basics. And then Junior High School and High School should be the classes that you need, in order to choose your path† (Shakur). First, students beginning school should learn the basics. Then as they get older, students should learn the things that they need to help them decide what they want to do when they are on their own. But, schools today do not follow this method. Students should not be learning what they have already learned in the past. Basic information will always remain in individuals’ minds. In addition to not teaching the right and necessary information, teachers rely too much on memorization. Emerson states, â€Å"Nature loves analogies, but not repetitions† (Emerson). Learning comes from deep thought. Students should not be tested on their ability to memorize information. In most cases, memorizing information is not actual learning. Learning is acquiring knowledge not only through studying but also experience. Furthermore, nature learns in different ways rather than the same way. Therefore, students should not be learning things in the same way. They should be learning information in different perspectives. In other words, students should learn by reading, listening, visualizing, and experiencing to fully understand things. Emerson also said that students have â€Å"educated eyes in uneducated bodies† (Emerson). This means that students are not absorbing the information they are given. This information is being forced into the minds of students through reading books and listening to lectures that are usually boring and uninteresting. This is not the best way for students to learn. A Transcendentalist theme that is similar to these ideas is not only valuing nature but also simplifying one’s life. Simplifying one’s life is a theme because students should be learning only the things that they need and the things that will be useful to them later in life. Students should not acquire or possess unnecessary information just as people should not possess or be attached to unnecessary items. The minds of individuals should contain only the important things that will guide them through life. In â€Å"On Education† and â€Å"On the Topic of Education†, Emerson and Shakur express their opinion about school and education. Emerson believes that students should be learning more from nature and their own experiences. Also, memorizing information is not the proper way to learn because students don’t absorb the information well this way. Comparable to Emerson, Shakur believes that people gain the most knowledge when they are experiencing life and interacting with others. In addition, students shouldn’t be taught the same things repetitively but instead the significant things that will help them later in life. It is crucial that students are getting proper education. Most importantly, teachers have an obligation to help students obtain the necessary knowledge they need to succeed in life.

African Civilization

Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment 1. Although some may think of Africa as being of a single climate and terrain description, in reality a wide variety of land types can be found throughout Africa. How does this wide variety of climates and physical terrains affect human life and settlement patterns on the African continent? Different terrains and climates allowed for different lifestyles for Africans in different regions. Those close to the sea were susceptible to invasion, but had the advantage of maritime trade.Those living more in land were isolated but protected by the diseases visitors would contract that did not affect the locals. Due to the fact that Africa is so massive, it has many different climates and terrain types. Some are more favorable to living conditions for humans and some not so much such as the Sahara Desert. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 2. Despite its large size, much of Africa has a very low popu lation density. What are the reasons that most of Africa’s population is crowded in a few small regions?This is due to the fact that there are a few areas in which the soil is not poor. Areas such as volcanic highlands; in which are cooler and have richer soils, allowing for important crops to grow. Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Challenges of the African Environment 3. What factors limit the agricultural viability of land in Africa? Why is this seen more in some parts of the continent than in others? Assess how these factors would most likely affect human populations in Africa. There are parts of Africa in which the soil is very poor due to years of inactivity.This makes it harder for farmers to tend and grow crops. Other parts get barely any rain or too much rain. Human population would be more prominent in areas where there is good soil, allowing for the flourishing of society. Page Ref: 9 4. How has the presence of disease in Africa served as both a positive and a negative factor t hroughout its history? Diseases in Africa served as a positive in that it protected Africans from invasions. Outsiders who tried to invade where not accustom to tropical parts of the Country which carried many diseases.The locals were born in raised in these areas which made them fair better as their immune systems were adapted to these diseases. Page Ref: 9-12 5. There are several primary differences between malaria and yellow fever in terms of their effects on humans. Considering the differences between the two, which disease would have had a greater effect on preventing foreign intervention and advancement in Africa? When supporting your answer, consider the effect these diseases had on indigenous populations as well. Yellow Fever would have the greater effect on preventing foreign invasion.This is true because unlike malaria Africans usually contract yellow fever as kids and become immune to it, unlike outsiders who are not. Malaria is both equally fatal to outsiders as it is to locals, especially cerebral malaria. Page Ref: 9-11 6. Assess the role of trypanosomiasis in the formation of the African economy. Provide specific examples to support your assessment. Trypanosomiasis affected the formation of the African economy by the way it affected animals. Due to the fact that this disease killed many animals, areas in which the disease was prevalent would hurt the local economy.It prevented people in these areas to keep cattle which were important for their livelihoods. Additionally, the fact that this disease was cruel to Horses, the military would be affected as well, due to the sheer importance of horses for military uses. 7. Consider explanations given for the rising number of cases of trypanosomiasis in the recent past. What effects do you feel this increase and the cause behind it would have on life in Africa amongst native populations as well as foreign settlers? As long as there are areas that are depopulated, tsetse flies will begin to redeveloped in these areas.This will cause cattle to die out and affect the local and foreign farmers. Page Ref: 12 8. Despite very similar climates, the histories of Africa and Australia and its surrounding islands have been very different. Consider the theory presented in the text to explain this reality, and assess how it can be applied to North America. This can be applied to North America, due to the fact that as climates and terrains change and diseases take a toll on population, one must adapt with the environment in which we live in. Page Ref: 12-13 Topic: The African Environment in Global Perspective . Consider how Africa’s geography has changed over time. What positive and negative effects would these changes have had on human populations on the continent? As their new homes changed they were able to adapt due to their innovative mindset. This can be attributed to the new found organization thanks to language. Allowing Africans to grow and expand throughout the entire continent. Other factors that can be attributed are the change in geography for some parts such as the Sahara drying out and swamps and lakes disappeared. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 0. Compare African geography to North American geography. Despite any similarities, significant differences exist in agricultural patterns and population density. What are the reasons for these differences, and how do they reflect the uniqueness of Africa? Africa is an extremely big continent and because of this there are many different climates and terrains. North America can fit three times in the continent of Africa. Although North America has a vast set of climates and terrains as well, it does not have to deal with the sheer size of Africa in order to flourish.North America also tends to get an even amount of rain throughout the continent, unlike Africa. In Africa the people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others. Page Ref: 4-8 Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins 1. How did the theories espoused by biologists such as Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin alter previous perceptions of human origins and animal life on earth? What role do you believe these theories had in establishing Africa as the original home of human life on earth?Both Carl and Charles believed that humans adapted from a primates. This way of thinking that humans adapted from a past species due to environmental changes, got the ball rolling on a way of thinking involving evolution. As a result of the remains of a skeleton that was found in Germany that could not be identified. This seemed to give proof to the idea of adaptation. Because the earliest human ancestor specimen remains were found in Africa, gave light to it being the origin of human life on earth. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race . Why do paleontologists believe that fossils of creatures such as Australopithecus africa nus and Homo erectus are ancestors of modern humans? Do you find this evidence to be credible? Why or why not? I do find the evidence to be credible due to the many similarities between their structure and ours. As we have found through history, that all living things adapt to their environment. We are just a more adapted form of these fossils. Page Ref: 16-19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 3. What effect did the mobility of Homo erectus have on the course of human history?Why is this important, and what does it signal about its role in evolutionary biology? The mobility of Homo erectus allowed for the developments of tools such as the Acheulean. They also were the first to expand into different environments, allowing for expansion and population growth. This affected human history in a great way, because their expansion allowed for the growth and survival of the human race. Page Ref: 18-19 4. What potential flaws do you see with the Multiregional model of human devel opment? Assess the evidence in support of this model. The evidence that an extra evolution only passed through Europe is sketchy.There is nothing to prove that Neanderthals only existed in Europe and nowhere else. All past Homo species eventually evolved into what we are today. That should show us that we are all equal and no race is superior to the other. Page Ref: 19 5. How have paleontological discoveries made within the past few decades contributed to our knowledge about the origins and evolution of modern humans? Were these all in Africa? What might explain this? Through the discovery of the past fossils it gave us proof of human evolution through time. Not all were found in Africa as there was one found in Germany for example.However it appears that the oldest fossils we evolved from are indeed found in Africa. Page Ref: 19-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 6. How does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model differ from the â€Å"Multiregional model†? What evidence exists to show that one is probably more accurate than the other? The main difference is that in the Out of Africa model; most of the evolution took place in Africa. While in the Multiregional model evolution occurred in isolation in different areas of the world. And additionally, there was an extra evolution step in Europe.Most of the fossil evidence supports the Out of Africa model and most experts agree in that all humans derive from Africa originally. Page Ref: 19, 21-22 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s, New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 7. The issue of race has long been controversial in evolutionary biology and related fields of study. What does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model contribute to the debate on race, and what does it mean for theories on race as a biological construct? This model states that all humans are the same race essentially (African) and it does not matter what color skin we are if the origins all trace back to Afr ica.The theories of race are only about individuality and social and political classes. At the end of the day everybody is just one race: human. Page Ref: 22 Topic: Questioning Race 8. What is the significance of Neanderthal fossils? How do these differ from other fossils, and how have they contributed to ideas regarding race and racial superiority? Neanderthal fossils are the closest fossils to the human race. They have the closest skull measurements, essentially making them closest to being as smart as humans today. Neanderthals since the 1980’s are considered the end of an evolution for a species that is radically different from modern humans.However, before this determination the Europeans viewed the Neanderthals as an example of racial superiority. Page Ref: 19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 9. Where do early ideas about race and race specific characteristics originate? What does this signify about Europeans prior to the development of evolutionary biology and related theories regarding the development of racial differences? They originated from the scientist trying to find proof of races superiority over another one. Europeans were trying to justify racial segregation, denial of rights, and colonial rule. Page Ref: 15-16Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race 10. How has the Human Genome Project been used to establish Africa’s place in the story of human origins? What has it revealed, and what does it signify about evolutionary biology and the â€Å"Out of Africa† model? It proved that all human population shares an incredibly close genetic relationship. It also proved that humans lived in Africa longer than any other part of the world. This discovery gives scientific support in that all humans races originate in Africa. Page Ref: 21-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s

The Characteristics and Formation of Meanders

Meanders are sinuous bends in a river's middle and lower courses. In low flow conditions, alternating pools and riffles are formed along the river bed. The river channel is deeper in pools so it has greater energy and more erosive power. Energy is lost as the river flows over a riffle because of friction. These cause the river's flow to become uneven and maximum flow to be concentrated on one side of the river, causing lateral erosion on one side, creating an outer concave bank.Deposition takes place on the other side of the bend, creating a convex bank. The cross-section of a meander is asymmetrical. The outer bank forms a river cliff or a bluff with a deep pool close to the bank, mainly because of the fast flow, hydraulic action and abrasion. The inner bank is a gently sloping deposit of sand and gravel, called a point bar. Meanders are maintained by a surface flow of water across to the concave outer bank with a balancing subsurface return flow back to the convex inner bank.This c orkscrew-like movement of water is called helicoidal flow. In this way, eroded material from the outer bank is transported away and deposited on the inner bank. The combination of erosion and deposition exaggerates the bends until large meanders are formed. Sometimes, oxbow lakes are formed when the neck of the loop of a meander is broken through, and the new cut eventually becomes the main channel, leaving the formed channel sealed off by deposition.

Online Restaurant Promotions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online Restaurant Promotions - Case Study Example Restaurant.com offered discounts on gift certificates. Consumers could use these gift certificates at more than 9,500 participating restaurants. These certificates were available in variety of denominations and were distributed individually. Restaurant.com had a simple, fast and free sign-up program for restaurants willing to participate in the system. Rewards Network offered incentives to customers if they dined at any of the company’s 9,542 affiliated restaurants. These incentives were given by way of reward points which were credited to customer’s credit cards. Rewards Network also allowed cash refunds and offered bonuses on the first dine. Regular users got VIP bonuses from the company. Open table offered round-the-clock reservation services for participating restaurants. The service was thus a substitute for telephonic reservations made by the consumers. Open Table created a database of the consumers which could be effectively used by the restaurants in their advertising campaigns. The internet provides numerous opportunities with respect to restaurant promotions. The restaurants can have their own websites as well as place their advertisements on other websites. The restaurants can have their own page that details the location, menu and reviews of customers on websites like CitySearch. The internet can be used to send e-mails to current and prospective customers. Restaurants can also attract more customers with the help of online affiliate

In this paper I will explore the virtual world as a way of reducing Essay

In this paper I will explore the virtual world as a way of reducing communication barriers due to appearance, norms and that - Essay Example Although the virtual world has been in existence for quite some time, its significance had not been clear until I read the book by Boellstroff. I realized that the virtual world means more than just communication to its residents. Freedom of communication and expression is the primary force behind the existence of the virtual world. Communication in the real world is usually subject to communication barriers due to differences in cultural, ethnic, social, and personal communication skills. However, this is not the case in virtual worlds such as second life. In the virtual world, a person or resident has the ability to choose an identity unlike in the real world. This makes it possible for people to communicate freely in the virtual world irrespective of their social norms in the real world. By being able to choose race, color, gender, profession, social class, and other factors, many barriers are eliminated, at least to some extent. Absolute freedom in virtual world is limited due to factors such as language barrier, internet connectivity, among others. The capability to choose one’s identity in the virtual world is also significance in the enhancement of anonymity in the virtual world. ... Most importantly, it is possible to interact freely with your enemies and other people who are out of reach in the real world. The author of the book emphasizes on this point by stating that people can hide their identity to the extent of their genders (Boelstroff, 2008: 61). I also realized that the virtual world has the ability to overcome geographical barriers of communication since people are able to communicate regardless of their geographical location. Although geographical barriers to communication have been eased by web conferencing and cellphone communication, it is not as free and available as it is in virtual world. Virtual worlds also make it possible interact with diverse communities that conflict with personal identities in the real world. For instance, it is possible for a Christian to attend a mosque in virtual world and share their sermons. This is not possible in the real world. The real world has norms that act as a measure of wrong and right. According to the auth or, the virtual world has developed a code of behavior for most of its users. Initially, I had thought of second life as a form of recreation. I considered our acceptable codes of behavior in different societies to hold in the virtual world as well. For instance, a person intruding into other people’s conversation will be flagged off since this is an unacceptable norm in virtual world. However, after reading the book I realized that norms in the virtual world are slightly different. According to Boelstroff (2008) â€Å" virtual worlds are not just recreation or simulations of the actual-world selfhoods and communities, selfhood, communities, even notions of human nature are being remade in them† (pg. 63). This implies that although the norms are different in the two worlds,

Funding Streams in the Health and Social Care Sector Essay

Funding Streams in the Health and Social Care Sector - Essay Example There will be bids from consortia for approaches will be included in a wide range of client groups and innovation and sustainability beyond funding will be equally vital. A good number of evidence that may inform an evaluation of the approach will be used in supporting organization activity and are effectively self-sustaining in the long run. The proposal is supposed to be based on realistic level of resources that may help in the overall program. Evaluation of the funded program will be analyzed by the implementation group that will have the role of identifying and sharing lessons learned and the organizations that are successful in this round of bids will have the chance to learn from the operation of the program. The Program’s strategy is intended to ensure high quality, accessible advice that provides a key role in enabling informed choice and in supporting an individual’s pathway through support. On the other side, fund priorities include building the capacity of independent advice and support especially in areas where such kind of activities do not exist and addressing the support and information needs of all the user groups such as people providing care. Moreover, the fund will support the development of a range of advice and support services in relation to the relevant authorities and to evaluate the approaches taken within funded bids to support sustainability in the long run such as informing future commissioning strategies (Great Britain 2011, pp. 59-61).

Johnny Cash, a description of addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Johnny Cash, a description of addiction - Essay Example ant point made in the biography is the loss which was caused by his addiction as he lost his family, his prestige and even his fans through missed concerts as he was feeding his addiction. While he realized that his addiction was costing him tremendously, he was unable to beat it until he recognized that his own spirituality and belief would help him get over it. After going through every drug he could possibly get his hands on, from alcohol and amphetamines to clinical pain killers, he understood that the drugs were not helping him at all. While they might take his pain away and allow him to forget about the pressures of life as a celebrity, they did not resolve the situation and the benefits brought about by them were only temporary. On the other hand, the damage they cause was permanent and irreversible. While the drugs were powerful indeed the only way he was able to deal with his dependence was to replace them and conquer them with something even more powerful, i.e. his spiritua lity and the relationship he was able to develop with

Unemployment in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece Essay

Unemployment in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece - Essay Example Unemployment in the European nations of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece The thing that makes unemployment most dangerous is that it directly affects the growth of a nation. Indefatigably high levels of unemployment have become a common scenario throughout most of the European Union. Although, it contrasts considerably with the comparatively low unemployment levels in neighboring developed nations, especially in those of the United States and Japan. Inspite of the fact that high unemployment rate is rendered as a common problem in European unions, there are significant variations in the unemployment rates of each of its members1. Despite being amongst the developed European countries, unemployment rate in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece is rising at a staggering rate. The Problem of Unemployment Unemployment in Spain The contrasting difference in the unemployment rate of the European nations was essentially recognized in the unemployment rate of Spain. In the year of March 2004, it was evidenced that the unemployment rate in Luxemburg was at a low of 4 .0%, while in Spain, it reached a mammoth 11.1%. It is significant that there are other factors idiosyncratic to each of those nations with soaring unemployment rate results to this problem. This phenomenon is essentially true in the case of Spain, as persistently high level of unemployment has been recorded there. The scenario in Spain was once so dismal that unemployment rate recorded was twice the average of the European nation’s unemployment rate. High unemployment rate is currently a problem that is encountered by all almost all the major nations of the European Union. ... condition is so dismal, that it is the high level of unemployment that essentially distinguishes the economies of the European member countries with that of the United States. The situation is problematic as, underutilization of resources takes place due to the low level of unemployment. This simultaneously results in decline of the total production of goods that could have been achieved in a stable employment situation. This instigates the citizen of Spain to migrate into other countries if they are unable to obtain proper employment conditions in their native country. It is a general phenomenon that people want to allocate to work places where they get higher wages for their work. Acknowledging the reason of unemployment from a neo classical perspective, several key elements can be identified. The primary among them is the actual factors related to job search. The job market is never stable, as the frequency of workers changing jobs is essentially high. Although the problem takes a larger shape when this changes in job takes a long time due to heterogeneity of the work force and job openings. This implies that there is no significant balance between the labor supply and the labor absorption in the market. This condition is due to the lack of job openings, lack of proper information about employment, and the cost of retraining that many workers are unable to cope up with. Another factor that contributes to low employment is rigidity in the wages of workers, due to labor legislation and significant influence of labor unions. The wage rigidity’s effect is essentially noted when the prices of goods fall due to the decrease in demand for products, which simultaneously decreases the marginal productivity of workers. In this scenario, due to rigidness of labor supply in

Regional and land planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Regional and land planning - Essay Example Specifically, the problem of accommodating the skateboarders of LOVE Plaza has been contentious. A partial plan has been underway to provide solution for the perceived planning problem. And it cannot be determined whether the problem should be focused on community cohesion, aesthetic, practicality and economy, heritage, safety, or even inclusion. It should be noted that the problem about inclusion of perceived community â€Å"nuisance† in the planning scheme has been a challenge not only for planners but also for policy-makers and the residents. However, their part in the history and narrative of places cannot be easily dismissed. The author has noted the importance attached by skateboarders in LOVE Plaza within the discussed area and will argue the need to reconsider their petition to provide them a fair space within the public realm. You are to prepare an article for a town planning journal to test your capacity for research and original thinking. The topic of your article s hould be a fairly recent or current town planning issue facing a local government authority and/or a local community, preferably be one that is being debated in the community and in the media. It has to be an issue to do with a type of development that falls under the jurisdiction of a local government authority (i.e. is assessed by a LGA). The article should achieve the following: Define the town planning issue. The town planning issue is the renovation of the Dilworth, JFK, and Municipal Services Plazas in Philadelphia focused on the re-accommodation of skateboarders at LOVE Plaza. The area has been for quite a while an issue when the original structures started to be seen as failed spaces. It had too many of the same thing in one place, and previously a â€Å"grand scheme to create a downtown of the future, with offices and retail integrated into the underground transit system,† (Saffron, 2011, P 7). It was conceived by planner Edmund Bacon who was described as legendary, and executed by Vincent Kling's firm based on Rome's Piazza Navona (Saffron, 2011). Renovation is a contentious word for planners and designers not only due to sentimental or heritage and aesthetic reasons but also economic (Needleham, 1968; Sigsworth and Wilkinson, 1969). There are a lot of various considerations for renovation, regenerations or redesign foremost of which is its financial and economic implication not only to the governing body but also to the rest of the stakeholders that include residents, and even non-residents for that matter. Certain balance is needed to be achieved in all processes of renovation so that there is double if not triple care taken by planners, designers and authorities in order to meet all criteria and expectations that the changes would achieve. The plazas were arranged to set off views of new towers, viewed as timely in the 1960s, complementing the modernist campanile Kling that housed the city services. It was envisioned as a â€Å"great place s for downtown workers to lunch alfresco,† (Saffron, 2011, P7) but had claustrophobic high walls, inaccessible and yet had multiple staircases. The area also became a turn-off because maintenance had been neglected and due to lack of public interest, it was claimed by the skateboarders in the 1990s (Saffron, 2011). The area had been evaluated to be

Business Law exam 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law exam 1 - Essay Example Various studies have shown that most people do not have sufficient knowledge about employment law; as a result they are disadvantaged in the employment environment especially in an event of dispute (Moran 13). Also, most people in the workforce do not understand their rights and in most cases act against their own self interest based on insufficient information. Jill Johansen’s scenario is one of many others that demonstrate how employees may be short-changed or disadvantaged in an event of dispute between the employers and employees. The scenario presented aptly shows that Johansen was short- changed and it is imperative that she seek damages and remedies. In search of remedies and damages, Johansen must prove labor and employment laws relating to her situation. This is crucial because US state and federal labor and employment laws provides for employee’s rights and how employer and employee should relate, as well as the appropriate manner of terminating their relationship and remedies and damages involved. Besides, Johansen must prove some elements of proof relating to her situation. It is advisable that the plaintiff must prove elements of proof so as to win suits (Moran 55). Since Johansen seeks to be awarded remedies and damages she must prove the following elements: the defendant (employer) did not originally or subsequently divulge the full description of the job; the defendant, in a calculative manner included client escort service as part of her job after two months of the plaintiff contract; the additional job requirement is told to her without seeking her approval regarding that job requirement. Each of these elements raises concerns on the veering off from the fundamental elements of the written contract between Johansen and her employer, a situation that seems to act against the interest of Johansen but

Violence Associated with Integration at Little Rock Central High The Essay

Violence Associated with Integration at Little Rock Central High The Little Rock Nine as Individuals - Essay Example Little Rock incident or crisis as it is usually called is a proof of the same kind of racial discrimination. Oryal Faubus was the Governor of Arkansas at that time. Faubus tried to stop the students who were African-Americans to enter the school. This was solely on the basis of racial issues. Initially the students had to face a lot of trouble to stay in the school as the Governor was against allowing them to even enter the school. They were allowed to enter the school, join the classes and finally graduate from this school after the intervention of President Eisenhower (Lanier, 2009). By the mid of 20th century, the African-American movement of equal civil rights was also on its peak. Considering the changes that were taking place in the social fabric of American life, people were becoming less extremist and thus the African-Americans were being accepted as normal human beings by many. Faubus was however not one of them. When these kids were to attend the school on their first day, they were stopped by the National Guard. Troops from National Guard of Arkansas tried to stop these kids from entering the school and once these African-Americans entered the school, they were harassed by mobs making threats to them. It was of course not a very pleasant situation for them (Kirk, 2008). By that time, the historic 1954 verdict of U.S. Supreme court was already out. According to this verdict of Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, all segregated schools were considered to be not following the constitution of America. The American constitution is not in favor of racial discrimination. However, before 1954, many segregated schools operated in the U.S. as there was no fully defined law against these schools. By 1954, all schools which were segregated and did not allow students from African-American origin to get admission and study were asked to desegregate and allow all students on the basis of merit to get admission in this school. This was a time when National Associa tion for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was fully active. This organization tried to get registered as many black students as possible in the schools which were good but were all white only a couple of years before. Their attempts were more successful in the south. Violence Associated with the Little Rock Nine Crises: Little Rock School Board of Arkansas decided to go with the Supreme Court ruling in 1955. They passed their own plan of integration of black students in 1955. Virgil Blossom was the superintendent of schools and his plan which was approved was to be implemented from 1957, the year these Little Rock nine got admission in this school. By the efforts of NAACP, nine black students were admitted to this school in 1957 (Gordy, 1997). These kids were selected on the basis of their educational background and the grades they have acquired so far. The Little Rock 9 was a name given to this group of black students who joined this school in 1957. Their names were Green, Eckford, Thomas, Roberts, LaNier, Brown, Karlmark, Mothershed and Beals. Earnest Green who was born in 1941 was the first one of these black students to graduate from this school (Faubus, 1980). When these students were admitted to this school a lot of people who wanted segregation on the basis of racial discrimination held protests against this school. The first violent reaction to the admission of these students to the school was the blockade by these protestors to not allow the students to enter the school. Governor Orval Faubus helped them further by deploying National Guard troops to stop these students from entering the school premises. He was clearly in favor of segregation. In the nation however, there was a

Health informatics - collaboration Essay Example for Free

Health informatics collaboration Essay I believes that following the principles below will facilitate collaboration among professions and professionals. †¢ Client-centred care — Interprofessional client-centred care requires collaboration among clients,2 nurses3 and other health professionals who work together at the individual, organizational and health-care system levels.4 Health professionals work together to optimize the health and wellness of clients and involve the client in decision-making.5 Clients are actively engaged in the prevention, promotion and management of their health.6 †¢ Evidence-informed decision-making for quality care — Evidence-informed decision-making through the use of best practice guidelines, protocols and resources will support interprofessional collaboration. Health professionals work together to identify and assess research evidence as a basis for identifying treatment and management of health problems. Health outcomes are continuously evaluated to track the effectiveness and appropriateness of services.7 †¢ Access — Teams of health-care professionals working in collaboration will ensure that patients can access the most appropriate health-care provider at the right time and in the right place. Supporting continuity of care and continuity of care provider is crucial to ensuring high-quality, client-centered interprofessional collaborative care.8 †¢ Epidemiology — Using assessments of the demographics and health status of clients will ensure the relevance of health services, including the identification of appropriate health professions. Trends in the health of the population are tracked to assess the impact of the services offered. †¢ Ethics — Each profession brings its own set of competencies — the results of education, training and experience — to collaborative health services. Health-care professionals working in interprofessional collaborative teams learn from each other in ways that can enhance the effectiveness of their collaborative efforts. Nurses collaborate with other health professionals to develop a moral community12 and to maximize heath benefits to clients, recognizing and respecting the knowledge, skills and perspectives of all.13 Shared decision-making, creativity and innovation allow health-care professionals to learn from each other and enhance the effectiveness of their collaborative efforts. †¢ Communication — Active listening and effective communication skills facilitate both information sharing and  decision-making. To support and sustain interprofessional collaboration, CNA believes that the following structural elements15 must also be present: †¢ planning, recruitment, workplace and interprofessional education to support human resources; †¢ long-term funding allocations that support the necessary infrastructure and information technology requirements of interprofessional collaboration; †¢ liability insurance framework for interprofessional teams that includes liability insurance for health-care professionals that is independent of the employer’s liability insurance; †¢ regulatory framework that enables all regulated health professionals to use their knowledge, skills and experience to practice to their full scope and recognizes the decision-making processes and roles within interprofessional collaboration; †¢ standards that guarantee both interoperability and access by appropriate professionals to electronic health records; †¢ governance and management structures that promote systems that foster interprofessional collaboration and strengthen a not-for-profit, publicly funded health-care system; and †¢ planning and evaluation frameworks and assessment tools to measure the performance of interprofessional collaborative practices that are supported by ongoing research and surveillance.

Health Essays Alzheimer Dementia Disease Essay

Health Essays Alzheimer Dementia Disease Essay Alzheimer Dementia Closing in on Alzheimer’s â€Å"Soon, Alzheimer’s disease will touch everyone in this country in some form or another, so the need to redouble our research efforts greater than ever before. We must have better treatments, earlier detection, and effective strategies to prevent Alzheimer’s. Scientists have made tremendous strides in the last two decades, but the clock is ticking.† -Samuel Gandy, MD, PhD, chair of the Alzheimer’s Association’s Medical and Scientific Advisory Council. There is no cure, but there is hope, for the world’s most leading cause of dementiaALZHEIMERS. â€Å"AD† is a neurodegenerative disorder, the underlying cause still being unknown. The clinical features or the underlying pathology can only be discovered on autopsy and thus the signs and indications of AD are instigated only after years of accretion of the credible causes. Some of the signs include:- Cognitive deterioration. Visual spatial confusion. Loss of recognition of persons and objects. Reduced mobility. Deterioration of muscles. Inability to feed oneself. Language disorientation. The onus of the illness lies in the deposition of fibrillized plaques containing amyloid beta(AB). The AB proposition shows potential for the reason that, as seen in patients with trisomy 21(downs syndrome), who have an additional copy of the gene for AB precursor, almost universally exhibit AD like indications prior to age 40. These signs of AD can be accredited to the cytotoxic potential of the mature aggregated amyloid fibrils. Consequently, a great amount of the research work on lead breakthrough is focused on:- Inhibition of fibrillization. Inhibition of AB precursor to AB. A different supposition understood to elicit the disease cascade, is centered on the effects of aggregated tau proteins. This speculation is sustained by the long standing observation that aggregation of AB plaques does not correlate with neuron loss. Although a great deal is known a propos the disease prognosis, causative or risk factors, the acquaintance we encompass of, in the present day, concerning the fundamental pathological origin or the core cause of the disease is zilch. Nevertheless, ApoE4, the foremost genetic risk factor for AD has been allied with surplus of AB build-up. The risk factors for AD are:- Advancing age. Head injury. Aluminum intake. ApoE4. Poor CVS health. Smoking. AD is most often established based on clinical signs and symptoms, and the history of patient’s infirmity, as a definitive diagnosis is only achievable by performing an autopsy. Common diagnostic tests include:- Memory testing. Intellectual functioning. Neuropsychological screening tests. Blood tests to rule out presence of other diseases. Functional neuro-imaging techniques like SPECT ad PET. Once diagnosed, on an average, survival is 7 – 10 years, the extremes being 4 years to 21 years. Essentials, statistics and incidence of Alzheimer’s:- 24 million people affected with AD worldwide. Slated to become 81 million by 2040. 1 out of 8 people above the age of 65 have AD. Only 19% with AD have the diagnosis recorded in their medical records. 7th leading cause of death in the United States. From 2000-2004, death rate due to AD has increased by 32.8%, while that of breast cancer, prostate cancer, stroke and heart disease has decreased by 2.6, 6.3, 10.4, 8% respectively. Costs of AD and other dementias amount to $148 billion annually. Current drugs in the global market for treatment of Alzheimer’s:- [1]ARICEPT: Key essentials about aricept: Was permitted for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimers by the FDA in 1996, and for the treatment of severe Alzheimers in 2006 Is the #1 prescribed Alzheimer’s drug—worldwide, more than 3.8 million people have been treated with Aricept. Aricept is a drug branded as a cholinesterase inhibitor. It is one of a group of prescriptions that appear to improve the cognitive ability (thinking, perception, judgment and recognition) in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Aricept can reduce behavioral troubles that may be exhibited by people with this type of dementia. Known as a cholinesterase inhibitor, Aricept delays the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine helps communication between the nerve cells and is vital for memory. Side effects are typically mild and tend to disappear as treatment progresses. Common side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia, muscle cramps. Less common effects are headaches and dizziness. Rare side effects are anorexia, gastric or duodenal ulcers, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, bladder overflow obstruction, liver damage, convulsions, heart problems and psychiatric disturbances. [2]EBIXA: Ebixa fine points: Ebixa is one of a group of drugs called NMDA (n-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonists. These receptors, along with the neurotransmitter glutamate, are implicated in transmitting nerve signals in the brain that may be imperative for learning and memory. Ebixa, which acts on NMDA receptors, facilitates to normalize transmission of nerve signals, and perhaps slow the decline of some indications of Alzheimers disease. Ebixa is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. Ebixa may cause some unwelcome reactions. These may include fatigue, dizziness, sleepiness, headache, hypertension (high blood pressure), constipation, vomiting, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations and sleep disturbance. [3]EXELON: Exelon particulars: Exelon is one of a group of drugs known as cholinesterase inhibitors which is intended to treat symptoms in people with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. Exelon works by reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine and thus escalating the amount of the chemical in the brain, a chemical thought to be vital for learning and memory. The prescription augments the action of acetylcholine by making the receptors it interacts with in the brain more responsive. Exelon is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. Familiar side effects, in addition to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss, comprise of diarrhea, heartburn, stomach pains, dizziness, headache, weakness, fatigue and difficulty sleeping. A small number of people also experienced fainting. [3]REMINYL: Key specifics on reminyl: Reminyl ER is one of a group of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors which is used to treat symptoms in people with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. As of June, 2006, Reminyl became available only in the extended release (ER) format. It means that if you were taking Reminyl tablets twice a day prior to June 2006, you would now take a Reminyl ER capsule once a day. It augments the action of acetylcholine by making the receptors it interacts with in the brain more responsive. In the area of the brain first affected by Alzheimers disease, that dealing with cognition and memory, too little acetylcholine is available at the junctions between nerve cells to get messages across to the next nerve cell, The condition is helped, consequently, not only by preserving the acetylcholine from being destroyed by cholinesterase, but by making the receptors more responsive to the inferior amounts of acetylcholine. Reminyl ER is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. probable side effects include: abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, decreased appetite, difficulty swallowing, bleeding in the digestive system, weight loss, low blood potassium, low blood pressure, dehydration, seizures, agitation, aggression, hallucinations, weakness, fever, malaise, leg cramps, tingling in the hands or feet, ringing in the ears, headache, dizziness, tiredness, sleeplessness, runny nose, urinary tract infection, fainting or fluttering of the heart. INTERNATIONAL MARKET STATISTICS FOR DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMERS:   BRAND GENERIC CLASS SPONSOR SALES in (million $) 2004 MARKET SHARE(approx) 2004 2005 Aricept donepezil CI Pfizer 1,266 1,580 58.10% Reminyl galantamine CI JJ 256 343 12.60% Exelon rivastigimine CI Novartis 320 340 12.50% Namenda memantine NMDAA Forest 5 247 9.10% Ebixa memantine NMDAA Lundbeck 28 86 3.20% Axura memantine NMDAA Merz 6 15 0.60% Cognex tacrine CI FirstHorizon 1 1 0.00% Others 87 107 3.90% TOTAL 1,969 2,719 100.00% Total Sales Figures = $2.7B (2005) with Aricept ®having 58% market share. DRUGS IN PIPELINE:- Name of the drug sponsor phase About the drug Data from previous phases. FLURIZAN Myriad 3 It is a selective amyloid lowering agent (SALA) that reduces levels of the toxic peptide amyloid beta 42 (AÃŽ ²42). Reduces the levels of the toxic amyloid beta 42 peptide through the allosteric modulation of gamma-secretase. FLURIZAN has completed Phase2 human clinical trial in 207 patients with Alzheimers disease. Phase 1 safety trial of FLURIZAN in healthy older volunteers identified no serious drug-related side effects. In nonclinical studies, FLURIZAN reduced the levels of the toxic peptide AÃŽ ²42 by approximately 70%, by modulating the action of gamma-secretase. Flurizan reduces amyloid pathology in the brain and prevents memory defects in transgenic mice. ALZHEMED Neurochem Inc. 3 Alzhemed is an oral small organic molecule that has been designed to interfere with the association between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and AÃŽ ² amyloid protein. It is thus thought to prevent GAGs from promoting ÃŽ ²-sheet and amyloid formation. Designed to prevent amyloid formation and deposition in the brain, and thus modify the course of AD. Alzhemed is expected to act on two levels: firstly to prevent and stop the formation and deposition of amyloid fibrils in the brain as well as to bind to soluble AÃŽ ², and secondly to to inhibit the inflammatory response associated with amyloid build-up in AD. Inhibit AÃŽ ² fibrillization and binds and reduces soluble AÃŽ ². VP025 Vasogen 1 Mediated via the regulation of microglial cell activation. Treatment with VP025 reversed age-related decreases in CD200 levels in the brain, reduced levels of microglial cell activation, and restored memory and learning function. Considerable amount of preclinical work has demonstrated: the ability of VP025 to reduce inflammation in models of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. the ability of VP025 to reverse detrimental neurological effects of chronic beta-amyloid exposure the ability of VP025 to reverse age-related inflammation in the brain AAB-001 Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Wyeth. 3 Designed to bind and remove the AÃŽ ² peptide that accumulates in the brain. Immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer disease is based on the ability of antibodies raised against AÃŽ ² peptides to bind to and clear AÃŽ ² from the brain, thus removing the peptide and inhibiting the damage to neurons that AÃŽ ² inflicts. Anti-AÃŽ ² antibodies have been shown to prevent the accumulation of AÃŽ ² peptides in the brains of transgenic mouse models of AD (Shenk et al., 1999; Bard et al., 2000; DeMattos et al., 2001). In one clinical trial, patients immunized with AÃŽ ² peptide who actively generated anti-AÃŽ ² antibodies showed a significantly slower rate of decline in cognitive functions (Hock et al., 2003). Long-term follow-up studies of the patients who were involved in the failed phase 2a clinical trial of AN-1792 has shown that NTB (quality of life) scores remained significantly improved in antibody responders. In addition, CSF tau was significantly decreased in antibody responders (Gilman et al., 2005). Closing In on Alzheimer’s:- Lastly, fresh drugs tender genuine hope for repealing the malady. Concluding test outcomes will be out, for a complete novel generation of drugs designed to assault the fundamental basis of Alzheimers disease—medicines that propose, what one specialist calls legitimate, substantial, irrefutable hope for those with mild to moderate forms of the illness. Within three years, its nearly assured, well have disease-modifying drugs that fundamentally amend the nature of Alzheimers. From drugs which facilitate alleviation of merely the symptoms of the disease, we are now moving towards an era which will comprise of drugs that not only slow down the disease, but encompass the potential to wholly reverse it. Scientists are certain that one of the more than four dozen drugs now in human trials will succeed. One of the most hopeful of those, Flurizan, from Myriad Genetics, should complete its tests in the next 18 months. Exceedingly few drugs make it to Phase III clinical trials, the final stride before a drug goes to the FDA for authorization. Today, conversely, nine new Alzheimers treatments are in Phase III trials to test their effectiveness on a large number of patients. And dozens more are in smaller Phase II trials. This subsequent generation of drugs is deliberated to avert, obliterate and clean out deposits of beta-amyloid plaque that exterminate the brains nerve cells, leading to the distressing loss of memory, reason and, eventually, life that typifies Alzheimers. This optimistic information comes as the world awaits an epidemic of Alzheimers, the traumatic variety of dementia that Americans tell pollsters they dread more than heart disease, stroke or diabetes. Today, 5.1 million people in the United States suffer from the disease, but the supreme risk factor is age—the longer a person lives, the greater the likelihood—and in just four years millions of boomers begin to turn 65. One in eight people age 65 and older now has Alzheimers; half of those 85 and older have it. Connoisseurs say still if Alzhemed or another of these premature anti-amyloid drugs fails, that doesnt mean the amyloid theory is incorrect. It merely may mean that the drug didnt eliminate sufficient plaque to appreciably slow or arrest the disease. Finally, with the advent of such promising drugs into the market in the near future, there is potential to mitigate the humanity of the exorbitant fiscal burden due to the disturbing tempo at which Alzheimer’s is making headway. Keeping our fingers crossed might just help. References: http://www.myriad.com/alzheimers/flurizan.php http://www.vasogen.com/sec/vp025 http://www.alzforum.org/ http://www.alz.org/national/documents/PR_FFfactsheet.pdf http://www.alz.org/national/documents/PR_FFquotesheet.pdf http://www.medicinenet.com http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com http://www.theracarb.com/documents/investor_%20presentation.pdf http: //www.wikipedia.com

What Is Colour And Light Philosophy Essay

What Is Colour And Light Philosophy Essay It is light, the source of of life; it touches and expresses the soul of mankind. There is nowhere that colour does not exist; we are constantly under its influence, wether we knowit or not, and we do not need our eyes open to experience it. The body prosesses colour through the eyes, we often make the mistake of imaging that it is only a matter of appearance. Colour is all about feelings, and is far, far more than a mere visual delight. It is a paradox, in that the scientific definition of colour relates entirely to light-but we see it in the dark, with our eyes closed. We dream in colour, we visualize in colour and imagine in colour. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.12) Physists explain colour in coldly scientific terms vibrations of light, the only visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, occupying a narrow band between microwaves and X-rays. Sir Isaac Newton demonstrated this when he shone a light through a triangular prism, the different wavelengths refreacted at different angles, showing light separated into its component parts i.e the spectrum, or rainbow. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.12) All life on earth is determined by the radiation of the sun. A section of this electromagnetic energy is visible light, which is measured by light waves of certain frequencies called a nanometer; a nanometer is a billionth of a meter. We perceive visible light in the wavelength region from approximately 380 nanometers, which is comparable to the colour violet, to 780 nanometers, which is perceived as red. This means that light is colour, because if we pass white light through a prism and break it down into the individual wavelengths that visible light consists of, we have violet (380-436 nm); blue (436-495 nm); green (495-566 nm); yellow (566-589 nm); orange (589-627 nm) and red (627-780 nm). Mahnke, Frank H., (1947). Color, environment, and human response. New York ; Chichester : Wiley, (c1996). (pp6 pp7) For the physicist, red, for example, equals an external stimulus of a light wave that has a frequency of 627-780 nanometers. For psychologist, red suggests internal process that may or may not be associated with a physical event. Mahnke, Frank H., (1947). Color, environment, and human response. New York ; Chichester : Wiley, (c1996). (pp7) Close your eyes momentarily, picture in your mind a ripe tomato. Was the tomato red? Probably so. But the input that cuased you to see red was not a light wave between 627-780 nanometers. In other words, no external object, either generating or reflecting colour, was stimulus cuased you to see the tomato as being red. This testifies to the fact that colour is in the brain; it is within us. How we see Colour and Light The basic hues of the spectrum are as follows: Hue the attribute of colour which enables an observer to classify it as red, blue etc (Collins dictionary) Tint a hue with white added Shade a hue with black added Tone a hue with grey added Value the lightness or darkness of a colour. Light colours are high value and dark colours are low value Chroma the presence of colour Chromatic intensity the percentage of colour present also known as saturation Monochromatic containing shades, tones and tints of only one colour Achromatic Containing no colour i,e black, white or pure grey Complementary Colours Colours opposite each other on the colour wheel Complementary colours are: Red and Green Blue and Orange Yellow and violet In colour psychology the importance of this becomes clearer when we realize that complementary colours, when put together, present perfect balance, as all the pigment primaries are then present: Red and (blue + Yellow) Blue and (Red + Yellow) Yellow and (Red + Blue) One of the difficulties of working with colour derives from the way the human brian is strtuctured. It is divided into two hemispheres, separated by a strong connection cable, called the CORPUS CALLOUSUM. The right hemisphere governs the left side of the body, and vice versa. Linear skills, language, rationalising and logic are driven by the left brain, while intuition, non-verbal communication art, music, creativity and visual information are processed by the right brain. In order to learn and appreciate colour fully the right side of the brain does most of the work, but to establish credibility and communicate it widely one must find a way of translating the knowledge into predominantly left-brain terms. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.23) The Color Wheel A color circle, based on red, yellow and blue, is traditional in the field of art. Sir Isaac Newton developed the first circular diagram of colors in 1666. Since then scientists and artists have studied and designed numerous variations of this concept. Differences of opinion about the validity of one format over another continue to provoke debate. In reality, any color circle or color wheel which presents a logically arranged sequence of pure hues has merit. PRIMARY COLORS Red, yellow and blue In traditional color theory, these are the 3 pigment colors that can not be mixed or formed by any combination of other colors. All other colors are derived from these 3 hues SECONDARY COLORS Green, orange and purple These are the colors formed by mixing the primary colors. TERTIARY COLORS Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green and yellow-green. These are the colors formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color. Thats why the hue is a two word name, such as blue-green, red-violet, and yellow-orange.     COLOR HARMONY Harmony can be defined as a pleasing arrangement of parts, whether it be music, poetry, color, or even an ice cream sundae. In visual experiences, harmony is something that is pleasing to the eye. It engages the viewer and it creates an inner sense of order, a balance in the visual experience. When something is not harmonious, its either boring or chaotic. At one extreme is a visual experience that is so bland that the viewer is not engaged. The human brain will reject under-stimulating information. At the other extreme is a visual experience that is so overdone, so chaotic that the viewer cant stand to look at it. The human brain rejects what it can not organize, what it can not understand. The visual task requires that we present a logical structure. Color harmony delivers visual interest and a sense of order. Some Formulas for Color Harmony There are many theories for harmony. The following illustrations and descriptions present some basic formulas . A color scheme based on analogous colors Analogous colors are any three colors which are side by side on a 12 part color wheel, such as yellow-green, yellow, and yellow-orange. Usually one of the three colors predominates. A color scheme based on complementary colors Complementary colors are any two colors which are directly opposite each other, such as red and green and red-purple and yellow-green. In the illustration above, there are several variations of yellow-green in the leaves and several variations of red-purple in the orchid. These opposing colors create maximum contrast and maximum stability. A color scheme based on nature Nature provides a perfect departure point for color harmony. In the illustration above, red yellow and green create a harmonious design, regardless of whether this combination fits into a technical formula for color harmony. http://www.colormatters.com/colortheory.html While we often take our perception of colour for granted, it takes a highly complex visual mechanism to make it possible. The system is still not fully understood and as yet there exists no single scientific theory to account for all of it. Richard Gregory observed as recently as 2005 that over 50 theories were put forward by 50 scientists at a meeting on the subject We do know certain basic facts, however, which are the result of decades of scientific investigation by physicists, biochemists, psychologists and physiologists. Colour is a subjective sensation caused by light and is not properly a quality inherent in the object itself. In General terms, Colour does not exist without light, which is a radiant energy that manifests itself in the form of the visible spectrum of sunlight. Without the eye and brain of an observer, these rays do not in themselves constitute colour. As Sir Issac Newton explained in his Optics (1704) In them there is nothing else than a power to stir up a sensation of this or that colour The perception of colour is governed by three essential factors the spectral energy distribution of the light (including the conditions under which the colour is perceived) the spectral characteristics of the object, with respect to absorption, reflection and transmission of light the activity and sensitivity of the eye and brain In physical terms, light is simply the name given to a narrow band of the energy constantly radiating from the sun. Newton, by placing a glass prism in the path of a beam of sunlight, observed how the beam divided itself into the band of colours he called the spectrum. We know that the colours of the spectrum vary in wavelength (the distance between the crest of one energy wave and the next) and that the visible range of wavelengths extends from about 400 to 750 nanometres (billionth of a meter) Using a second prism, in 1665, Newton had demonstrated that white light is obtained when all the colours of the spectrum are recombined into a single beam. Observers such as Thomas Young (1807) later that white light could be obtained by mixing red, green and blue beams only, and that all other colours could be obtained by mixing these three lights in different proportions. This became the basis of the theory of vision proposed by Young and later developed by Helmholtz (1856) that there are only three kinds of colour receptors in the human eye, corresponding to the dominant wavelengths of red, green and blue, and that all other colours can be sensed by them; the sensation of yellow, for example, occurs when both red and green sets of retinal cells are stimulated. This is the celebrated Trichomatic theory of colour vision. Porter. T, Mikellides, B. (2009). Colour for Architecture Today. Taylor and Francis Ltd. (oxon). (pp. 13) In a strict sense, objects have no intrinsic colour because we only see them if they rflect light; only light sources are able to emit their own light. We do, however, take into consideration changes in natural and artificial illumination during daytime and seasonal cycles and have learnt to compensate for these changes through what pstchologists call colour constancy Porter. T, Mikellides, B. (2009). Colour for Architecture Today. Taylor and Francis Ltd. (oxon). (pp. 15) When we take changing light for granted, we generally consider colour as a property as a property of objects in so far as it is the physical and chemical composition of the objects which determaine how much light they absorb, reflect or transmit. Most of the colours we see around us in our daily lives occur by a process of selective absorption. A red object looks red because it has the property of absorbing or subtracting from the white light it receives everything exept primarily for the colour component it refelects. In sunlight a bright red table wil absorb most wavelebngths except for those in the 650 nm region of the spectrum, for example. A white object will reflect roughly the same amounts of all wavelengths which our visual system ingenously mixes together to give a single sensation of white. A black object, on the other hand, will absorb all wavelengths and hence appear black Porter. T, Mikellides, B. (2009). Colour for Architecture Today. Taylor and Francis Ltd. (oxon). (pp. 13) The eye and brian The retina posses two sets of sensing cells, the rods and cones. Whereas the cones sense full colour in daylight, the rods operate only at low levels of illumination and are effectively colour blind. Hence, no colour appears by moonlight, as there is a threshold of illumination below which colour cannot be seen, though there may there maybe enough light to allow the perception of shape, movement and the size of objects. This can be demonstrated if we imagine red lettering painted on a black building. The lettering is ellegiable by moonlight but, as night turns into day, we are gradually able to read the letters, though the daylight has to increase considerably before the letters are fully perceived as red. Correct colour rendering requires the right balance of light-preferably daylight, which contains the full solar spectrum. Porter. T, Mikellides, B. (2009). Colour for Architecture Today. Taylor and Francis Ltd. (oxon). (pp. 13) We may well experience colour in our dreams and it can even be induced conciosly with our eyes closed by pressing on the eyeball. Colour responses can also be induced from black-and-white patterns, as when viewing Benhams top-a white disc pattern with irregular black shapes which, when spun fast, elcits sensation of colour. Porter. T, Mikellides, B. (2009). Colour for Architecture Today. Taylor and Francis Ltd. (oxon). (pp. 13) Colour psychology The psychology of colours works as follow: When light strikes the eye, each wavelength does so slightly different, Red, the longest wavelength, requires, the most adjustment to look at it, and therefore appears to be nearer than it is, while green requires no adjustment whatever, and is therefore restful. In the retina, these vibrations of light are converted into electrical impulses which pass to the brain eventually to the HYPOTHALAMUS , which governs ENDROCINE GLANDS, which in turn produce and secret our HORMONES. In simple terms each colour (wavelength) focuses on a particular part of the body, EVOKING A PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE, which in turn produces a psychological reaction. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.23) Another difficulty with applying colour psychology has always been that, like everything else in the universe, there are no absolutes, only relative perceptions there is no such thing asa a good colour or bad colour. You may understand exactly which is the hue for a particular proposition, but its all to easy to communicate its negative its negative perceptions. For example, red may be stimulating and exciting or it could come across stressfull and aggressive; blue can be perceived as cold and aloof, yellow might be emotionally demanding and green may make you feel physically ill. The key to protecting positive perceptions and effective influence of any colour lies in the way it is used. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.27) Research on the psychological aspects of colour is difficult for the mere reason that human emotions are none to srable and the psychic make up of human beings varies from person to person. 1950, Faber Birren Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.28) Recognizable patterns in the psychic make up of human beings have been identified, and it is not true that they vary totally from person to person ; more recently , recongizable patterns of colour have also been identified. It is therefore now possible to establish a precise relationship between the subject and the stimulus, which enables us to predict specific response, and answer the eternal question: why does one variation of a hue have such a different effect from another? Zelnski and Fisher referred to this in their book colour as recently as 1989: Lest we hasten to repent everything in attemps at behaviour modification, we should note that physiological colour responses are complex. The precise variation of a hue has a major impact, but one that is rarely addressed by psychological research. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.28) Colour Association Orange is associated with secondary survival consideration, warmth, shelter, food. Yellow (which eastern philosophy associates with the pancreas) is about emotions, self esteem and creativity. Green Refelects the concept of love, in the universal rather than the sexual sense; being at the centre of the spectrum, it also provides perfect balance. Blue encourages intellectual activity sweet reason and calm, logical thought. Indigo has similar properties to blue but is deeper and more introverting, Violet takes the mind to a higher level, towards spiritual awarness Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.24) There are only eleven basic coilour terms in the English language. A computer of colours will show us up to sixteen million colours, but we only have names for eleven Black, White, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, Pink, Brown and Grey. Confusingly, we borrow terms from many walks of life from nature, from food and drink and so on to describe colours such as peacock blue, burgundy, peach, cream, tan. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.24) Colour is natures own form of pure communication a much more reliable form, a language which every single one of us was born understanding clearly, and we all use every day, with varying degrees of conscious awareness, regardless of cultural division and conditioning. In order to start developing this wonderful language, we must first revert to basic scientific thinking Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.25) Science recognizes four psychological primary colours Red, Green, Blue and Yellow. Red and its derivatives relate to the phisycal; its often said that it has been proved that sourrounding people with red will raise blood pressure, but there is little academic record of any experiments confirming this; the only one I have found is described by Faber Birren, the great twentieth century American colourist, in his book color psychology and color therapy, in which he referes to Robert Gerards thesis for the university of California at Los Angeles. Birren describes experiments where Gereard used Red, Blue and White lights, Transmitted on a diffusing screen. It seems to make sense; Red certainly seems to be physically stimulating. Because it requires such an adjustment in the eye, it appears to be nearer than it is, whicvh is why it is often used when visual impacts is important. The most obvious example of our recognition that red catches the eye is its use the world over for traffic signals. Mqany football teams have red in there colours and thus creates the impression of physical strength, even aggression other of the same coin. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.25 26) Blue is the colour ofr the intellect. In the same evidence about raising blood pressure with red, so blue is deemed to lower the blood pressure. Certainly it is a soothing, calming colour, encouraging reflection. Nature uses it lavishly in the sky and sea but this is in a reflective sense, as neither air nor water contains any colour. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.26) Yellow focuses on the emotions. Having learned that the third chakra relates to the pancreas, I could not at first understand the link, but then I realized if we are nervous, where do we feel it? We have butterflies in our stomach. Green is at the centre of the spectrum and represents perfect balance. It strikes the eye at the point requiring no adjustment, thereby presenting no strain. The pigment which reflects green chlorophyll is vital to life, and when our environment contains plenty of green we are reassured. Wright.A, (1998). The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology. Colour Affects LTD (London) (pp.27) Colour Psychology FOOD Of all the colors in the spectrum, blue is an appetite suppressant. Weight loss plans suggest putting your food on a blue plate. Or even better than that, put a blue light in your refrigerator and watch your munchies disappear. Or heres another tip: Dye your food blue! A little black will make it a double whammy. What you see above is a delicacy prepared for the annual food party held at the end of the authors color course at the University of Hawaii. Its musubi, consisting of rice, a filling and nori a seaweed wrapper. Traditionally its Japanese but very popular in Hawaii in its natural state. In case youre wondering what the pink stuff is, its spam. If you want to create your own dyed food, use only natural food coloring purchased in a grocery store. Other coloring agents are toxic. Dramatic results can also be achieved by using a blue light bulb for your dining area. Blue food is a rare occurrence in nature. There are no leafy blue vegetables (blue lettuce?), no blue meats (blueburger, well-done please), and aside from blueberries and a few blue-purple potatoes from remote spots on the globe, blue just doesnt exist in any significant quantity as a natural food color. http://www.colormatters.com/appmatters.html A food professional has this to say: Color and the appeal of various foods is also closely related. Just the sight of food fires neurons in the hypothalamus. Subjects presented food to eat in the dark reported a critically missing element for enjoying any cuisine: the appearance of food. For the sighted, the eyes are the first place that must be convinced before a food is even tried. This means that some food products fail in the marketplace not because of bad taste, texture, or smell but because the consumer never got that far. Colors are significant and almost universally it is difficult to get a consumer to try a blue-colored food though more are being marketed for children these days. Greens, browns, reds, and several other colors are more generally acceptable, though they can vary by culture. The Japanese are renowned for their elaborate use of food colorings, some that would have difficulty getting approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. Gary Blumenthal International Food Strategies http://www.colormatters.com/appmatters.html Why Is McDonalds Yellow? The Role Of Environment On Eating Behavior November 4th, 2008 by drval in Health Tips, True Stories Im grateful to the Happy Hospitalist for pointing out that color matters when it comes to food consumption. As it turns out, blue light can be an appetite suppressant. And I actually know about this first hand. I helped to design a research study in connection with Architectural Digest and the Parsons School of Design several years ago. I was a volunteer instructor for a hospital design course in NYC, and wanted to show the students that lighting could influence eating patterns. As it happened, there was a big gala event at a local convention center, and so I worked with my friend Shashi Caan to set up three identical rooms bathed in three different colored lights (yellow, blue, and red). We had all the gala attendees dress up in white bunny suits (you know, the kind you let patients wear in the OR) and shuttled them through the 3 rooms at regular intervals. The rooms could each hold about 40 guests and copious identical hors doeurves were offered. Guess what we found? The most food was consumed in the yellow room, followed by red, and then a distant third was blue. About 33% fewer snacks were consumed in the blue room during the event (and yes we controlled the number of people in each room so theyd be equal). I found this quite fascinating, but unfortunately never published the results. You see, I didnt receive IRB approval for any of it. But the experiment did leave an indelible impression on my mind. As I thought about it, I realized that most fast food restaurants have yellowish interiors. From the golden arches to the lighting companies like McDonalds probably recognized (long before I did) that color influences purchasing and eating behavior. Yep, Im late to this party and Im not painting my kitchen yellow. http://www.getbetterhealth.com/tag/appetite-suppressant Colour Marketing and Branding Color and Marketing 1. Research conducted by the secretariat of the Seoul International Color Expo 2004 documented the following relationships between color and marketing: 92.6 percent said that they put most importance on visual factors when purchasing products. Only 5.6 percent said that the physical feel via the sense of touch was most important. Hearing and smell each drew 0.9 percent.   When asked to approximate the importance of color when buying products, 84.7 percent of the total respondents think that color accounts for more than half among the various factors important for choosing products. Source   2. Research reveals people make a subconscious judgment about a person, environment, or product within 90 seconds of initial viewing and that between 62% and 90% of that assessment is based on color alone. Source: CCICOLOR Institute for Color Research 3. Research by the Henley Centre suggests 73% of purchasing decisions are now made in-store. Consequently, catching the shoppers eye and conveying information effectively are critical to successful sales. Color and Brand Identity 1. Color increases brand recognition by up to 80 percent University of Loyola, Maryland study 2. Heinz Color influences brand identity in a variety of ways. Consider the phenomenal success Heinz EZ Squirt Blastin Green ketchup has had in the marketplace. More than 10 million bottles were sold in the first seven months following its introduction, with Heinz factories working 24 hours a day, seven days a week to keep up with demand. The result: $23 million in sales attributable to Heinz green ketchup [the highest sales increase in the brands history]. All because of a simple color change. 3. Apple Computer Apple brought color into a marketplace where color had not been seen before. By introducing the colorful iMacs, Apple was the first to say, It doesnt have to be beige. The iMacs reinvigorated a brand that had suffered $1.8 billion of losses in two years. (And now we have the colorful iPods.) Color Increases Memory If a picture is worth a thousand words, a picture with natural colors may be worth a million, memory-wise. Psychologists have documented that living color does more than appeal to the senses. It also boosts memory for scenes in the natural world. By hanging an extra tag of data on visual scenes, color helps us to process and store images more efficiently than colorless (black and white) scenes, and as a result to remember them better, too. Source: The findings were reported in the May 2002 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, published by the American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.colormatters.com/market_whycolor.html The Contributions of Color to Recognition Memory for Natural Scenes, Felix A. Wichmann, Max-Planck Institut fà ¼r Biologische Kybernetik and Oxford University; Lindsay T. Sharpe, Università ¤t Tà ¼bingen and University of Newcastle; and Karl R. Gegenfurtner, Max-Plank Institut fà ¼r Biologische Kybernetik and Justus-Liebig-Università ¤t Giessen; Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory and Cognition, Vol 28. No.3., 5-May-2002 Color Engages and Increases participation Ads in color are read up to 42% more often than the same ads in black and white (as shown in study on phone directory ads). Source: White, Jan V., Color for Impact, Strathmoor Press, April, 1997 Color Informs Color can improve readership by 40 percent 1, learning from 55 to 78 percent 2, and comprehension by 73 percent 3. (1)Business Papers in Color. Just a Shade Better, Modern Office Technology, July 1989, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 98-102   (2) Embry, David, The Persuasive Properties of Color, Marketing Communications, October 1984. (3) Johnson, Virginia, The Power of Color, Successful Meetings, June 1992, Vol 41, No. 7, pp. 87, 90. Color Attracts Attention Frequently Cited Facts   Tests indicate that a black and white image may sustain interest for less than two-thirds a second, whereas a colored image may hold the attention for two seconds or more. (A product has one-twentieth of a second to halt the customers attention on a shelf or display.) People cannot process every object within view at one time. Therefore, color can be used as a tool to emphasize or de-emphasize areas.   A Midwestern insurance company used color to highlight key information on their invoices. As a result, they began receiving customer payments an average of 14 days earlier. Other Research 92% Believe color presents an image of impressive quality 90% Feel color can assist in attracting new customers 90% Believe customers remember presentations and documents better when color is used 83% Believe color makes them appear more successful 81% Think color gives them a competitive edge 76% Believe that the use of color makes their business appear larger to clients Source: Conducted by Xerox Corporation and International Communications Research from February 19, 2003 to March 7, 2003, margin of error of +/- 3.1%. http://www.colormatters.com/market_whycolor.html Color and the Senses General facts about sensory input and human beings: Although the olfactory sense was a human beings most important source of input in the pre-historic era, sight became our most important means of survival. Furthermore, as hunters and gatherers in the early days of our evolution, we experienced a variety of colors and forms in the landscape. This has become part of our genetic code. In our current state of evolution, vision is the primary source for all our experiences. (Current marketing research has reported that approximately 80% of what we assimilate through the senses, is visual.) Our nervous system requires input and stimulation. (Consider the effects of solitary confinement in jails.) With respect to visual input, we become bored in the absence of a variety of colors and shapes. Consequently, color addresses one of our basic neurological needs for stimulation. Color and Visual Experiences   It is probably the expressive qualities (primarily of color but also of shape) that spontaneously affect the passively receiving mind, whereas the tectonic structure of pattern (characteristic of shape, but found also in color) engages the actively organizing mi

The Unnecessary Nuclear Attacks on Nagasaki and Hiroshima Essays

The realist school of thought stands for anarchy and fighting for its own selfish reasons to preserve the nation's interest. Back in December 7th, 1941 after the Japanese air force attack to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, America’s military was caught by surprise bringing out the attention of the whole nation against Japan. President Harry S. Truman, made the decision in 1945 to attack Japan with nuclear bombs in August 6 first to Hiroshima and then three day on August 9 to Nagasaki. Days later, Japan surrender, and World War II was drawn into a close. Realist scholars say that the decision made to use the bombs was unnecessary. The death among the two cities were around 200,000, in Hiroshima there were 90,000 deaths, and Nagasaki had 37,000 death, without counting the deaths of the injured and after nuclear exposure and contamination after effects. Although, people usually think realism is attach to power, force, and attack, they knew back then Japan had been defeated before the bombs were drop. Scholars like Hans Morgenthau, Gar Alperovitz, George Kennan, and Generals and Admirals like Dwight Eisenhower, William D. Leahy, Ralph Bard, L. Lewis Strauss, Henry H. Arnold, and others question the what was the real reason behind Truman's presidency to use the mass destruction weapons. One of the main reasons behind the attack was to proof to the Soviet Union that we had the nuclear weapon and we were not afraid to use it against our enemies. The major excuse used was that the destruction of the two cities minimize the United States military casualties that would had been produce by war battles. At that time General Eisenhower expressed his dreading opinion of the devastating decision, the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson though the str... .... 2015. . Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Knopf, 1948. Print. Stimson, Henry L. "The Decision to Use The Atomic Bomb." Asia for Educators - Columbia University (1947): 1-16. Web. "The Decision to Deploy the Atomic Bombs Against Japan as Well as the Alternatives That the Us Had." Gem Portfolio. N.p., 19 Nov. 2013. Web. . Visser, Laurens J. "Speaking Truth to Power: Hans J. Morgenthau and the 21st Century." Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (n.d.): 204-22. Print. Weber, Mark. "Was Hiroshima Necessary? Why the Atomic Bombings Could Have Been Avoided." The Journal of Historical Review 16.3 (1997): 4-11. Print.

Abortion Essay - Roe v. Wade and Morality -- Argumentative Persuasive

Roe v. Wade and Morality   Ã‚   Michael Pearce Pfeifer in "Abandoning Error: Self-Correction by the Supreme Court," states the impact of Roe v. Wade on morals:    Seldom, if ever, has a single Supreme Court decision so decisively transformed American constitutional history or so altered the relationship between law and morals - both public and private. Roe v. Wade established within the Constitution a doctrine that has entirely legitimized what had previously been almost universally condemned: the practice of abortion on demand throughout the nine months of pregnancy. Such precedent setting decisions are usually derived from the social, economic, political, and legal philosophy of the majority of the Justices who make up the Court, and also represent a segment of the American population at a given time in history. Seldom has a Supreme Court decision sliced so deeply into the basic fabric that composes the tapestry and direction of American law or instigated such profound changes in cherished rights, values, and personal prerogatives of individuals: the right to privacy, the structure of the family, the status of medical technology and its impact upon law and life, and the authority of state governments to protect the lives of their citizens.(3-4)    The far-reaching impact of Roe v. Wade derives from one cause: Every abortion involves, either surgically or chemically, the destruction of a human zygote or a human fetus, and the subsequent removal of that human life from his/her mother's womb. Therefore, every single abortion ends a human life.    There are many who say that the preborn child is just a mass of tissue, a part of the woman's body. If this were the case, then no one would have any reason to o... ...oks, 1981. p.213.    Pfeifer, Michael Pearce. "Abandoning Error: Self-Correction by the Supreme Court." Abortion and the Constitution: Reversing Roe v. Wade Through the Courts. Horan, Grant, Cunningham, eds. Washington,D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1987.    Reinis, Stanislaw and Jerome M. Goldman. The Development of the Brain. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1980.    Rockwell, P.E.,M.D. Director of Anesthesiology, Leonard Hospital, Troy, NY, U.S. Supreme Court, Markle vs. Abele, 72-56, 72-730, 1972. P.11       The Silent Scream. Cleveland, OH: American Portrait Films, 1984.    Tanner, J.M. and G.R. Taylor, Time-Life Books. Growth, New York: Life Science Life, 1965. p.64.    U.S. Congress. Subcommittee on Separation of Powers to Senate Judiciary Committee S-158, 97th Congress, 1st Session 1981. p.7

Critical Appreciation of Poetry Essay

William Wordsworth had a variety of concerns which he expressed in â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge. † He was a metaphysical poet and the theme he writes about in this poem is nature and its relationship to man. He has used a variety of poetic methods which have all helped to shape and enhance the poem such as rhyming couplets, simile, and personification. The main concerns he highlights in this poem are the destructive nature of man, the relationship of man and nature, and the negative impact of industrialization on nature. Wordsworth made use of similes as one of his poetic methods. In line four of the poem he writes: â€Å"This city doth like a garment wear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here he compares the city to a garment as according to him figuratively the city wears the beauty of the morning. He uses this poetic method to highlight the extent to which the city exudes beauty in the early hours of the morning while all is silent and the industrial excesses of the day have not yet begun. Wordsworth in presenting the beauty and tranquility of the morning could be highlighting the negativity that pervades when morning leaves because of man’s intervention. This is all too likely as the area that Wordsworth probes in this poem is the relationship of man and nature and he clearly highlights the negative aspects of this relationship. Wordsworth also utilizes rhyming couplets, in particular end rhymes. This is demonstrated in the following lines of the poem : â€Å"This city now doth like a garment The Beauty of the morning;silent, bare† and also in : â€Å"Ships, towers,domes, theatres and temples lie open unto the fields, and to the sky;† This has quite an interesting effect as rhythm is described as a poem’s â€Å"sound system† and through the poet’s crafty manipulation of the rhymes he is able to give the poem a particular rhythm which enhances its style, value and meaning and draws attention to what it projects. It is portrayed almost like a song and helps to create visual images like a painting and Wordsworth can be likened to a painter in this way. This is Wordsworth’s literary skill at work and this contributes to the reader’s understanding of his status in literature as one of the better if not the best metaphysical poets known to man. Wordsworth also employs the use of personification. He says: â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will : Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;† The reader cannot help noticing the way in which this poet personifies the river and houses describing them as if they are alive and well and capable of exhibiting human capabilities , that of gliding gracefully and of sleeping as if tired. All of this combined with the poet’s extensive use of nature imagery help to bring the subject Wordsworth writes about to life as well increasing its significance. One of Wordsworth’s main concerns in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† is the destructive nature of man. Wordsworth presents a vision of nature in the early hours of the morning when man has not yet begun to intervene. He presents its beauty and transcendent nature but he does not stop there. He opens with a line praising the beauty of nature: â€Å"Earth has not anything to show more fair:† but closes on a sad note: â€Å" And all that mighty is lying still! † His comment is that man’s nature is destructive and due to the effect of man on nature stillness and dullness has been the result. Smoke , dust and noise have become the grim characteristics of nature due to industrialization, and the only time a â€Å"smokeless air,† a beautiful atmosphere can be enjoyed is in the tranquility of the morning before industrialization continues. The negative impact of industrialization on nature is one of the poet’s concerns in the poem. In man’s lustful aggrandizing efforts to make progress through industrialization negative effects have been wrought on nature. There is the problem of noise and various types of pollution and this has been caused by industrialization. The picturesque beauty of nature Wordsworth describes can only be enjoyed in the morning. For the rest of the day smoke and noise predominates. This could be Wordsworth’s comment on the selfish and cruel nature of man in that through industrialization man chokes and suffocates nature in an attempt to suit his own ends. In Conclusion, the writer has a variety of concerns and poetic methods such as man’s destructive nature, simile and personification. All these concerns and poetic methods enhance the poem’s structure and meaning giving it its significance in the world of metaphysical poetry.

Working Paper

The term module means that the questionnaire can be used as part of a larger Research experience has shown that the answers to the 24 content questions are influenced by the nationality of the respondents. This is not to say that every respondent of nationality A gives one answer and everyone of a nationality B another, but one can expect systematic differences between the average answers from a sample with nationality A and a comparable sample from nationality B (in statistical terms, an analysis of variance on the answer scores shows a significant country effect).As the relationship is statistical, the samples per country should be of sufficient size. An ideal size for a homogeneous sample is 50 respondents. Sample sizes smaller than 20 should not be used, as outlying answers by single respondents will unduly affect the results. If samples are heterogeneous (composed of unequal sub-samples) these numbers apply to the sub-samples. Next to nationality, answers to the 24 content quest ions will also reflect other characteristics of the respondents, such as their gender, age, level of education, occupation, kind of work and the point in time when they answered the questions.Therefore comparisons of countries should be based on samples of respondents who re matched on all criteria other than nationality that could systematically affect the answers. The content questions attributed to a dimension were selected because in comparisons of matched samples from ten or more countries, the mean country scores on the four questions belonging to the same dimension usually vary together (if one is high, the other is high, or low if it is a reversely formulated question; if one is low, the other is low, etc. ). In statistical terms, the mean country scores are significantly correlated.The mean country scores on questions belonging to different emissions usually do not vary together (are uncorrelated). Therefore, the 24 questions form 6 clusters of 4 questions each. As mentione d above, the dimensions measured by the VS.. Are based on country- level correlations, between mean scores of country samples. For the same two questions, country-level correlations can be very different from individual-level correlations, between the answers by the individuals within the country samples (for a clear explanation see e. G. Klein, Danseuses & Hall, 1994).Individual-level correlations produce dimensions of personality; country-level correlations produce emissions of national culture. For research results about the relationship between personality and culture see Hefted & McCrae (2004). The study of national culture dimensions belongs to anthropology, the study of individual personality belongs to psychology. The first is to the second as studying forests is to studying trees. Forests cannot be described with the same dimensions as trees, nor can they be understood as bunches of trees.What should be added to the animals, organisms and climate factors, together described by the term epitome. In reverse, trees cannot be described with the same dimensions as forests. At best one can ask in what kind of forest this tree would be most likely found, and how well it would do there. A common misunderstanding about dimensions of national culture is that they are personality types. People want to score themselves on a dimension, or worse, try to score someone else. This is called stereotyping, which is not what the dimensions are for.They do not refer to individuals, but to national societies. What a person can do is find out how the values prevailing in his or her national society differ from those in another society. As an individual, a person can express how he or she feels about the values in a particular national society, but that would still be a function of his/her personality and not necessarily show his or her national culture. Because of this, the VS.. 2013 cannot be scored at the individual level. It is not a psychological test.The tendency to as k for individual scoring of the VS.. Is stronger in some national cultures than in others. Especially in very individualist cultures, the request for individual scoring is frequent: the concept of my society (a forest) is weaker that the concept of me myself (a tree). The VS.. Should only be used by researchers who subscribe to the concept of a society differing from other societies. The six dimensions on which the VS.. 2013 is based were found in research across more than 40 countries.In a research project across 20 different organizations within the same two countries, answers to the questions that made up the cross-national dimensions did not correlate in the same way (Hefted, Enquire, Omaha' & Sanders, 1990 and Hefted, Hefted & Moving, 2010: 341-368). So the cross-national dimensions do not apply to organizational (or corporate) cultures. The answers to the VS.. Questions (dealing with values and sentiments) varied less across organizations within a country than across countries .Instead, organizational cultures differed primarily on the basis of perceptions of practices, and the organizations in the study could be compared on six dimensions of perceived practices. While the study of national culture dimensions belongs to anthropology and the study of individual personality belongs to psychology, the study of organizational cultures belongs to sociology. The dimensions of perceived practices in the Hefted et al. 1990) study relate to known distinctions from organizational sociology. A similar concern prohibits the use of the VS.. Dimensions for comparing occupations (Hefted, Hefted & Moving, 2010: 368-369).In some cases, VS.. Dimension scores can be meaningfully computed and compared for the genders (female versus male) and for successive generations (grandparents country or across countries, but in this case we recommend extending the questionnaire with locally relevant items (Hefted, Garibaldi, Melville, Tenure & evokes, 2010). 4. VS.. 2013 scores are not comparable to published scores Some enthusiastic amateurs have used the VS.. With a sample of respondents from one country and tried to draw conclusions comparing the scores they found with those in Hypotheses books (1980, 1991 , 2001 , 2005, 2010).But essential to the use of the VS.. Is that comparisons should be based on matched samples of respondents: people similar on all criteria other than nationality that could systematically affect the answers. All scores in the first two Hefted books were based on carefully matched IBM subsidiary populations. A new sample, to be comparable to these, should be a attach for the original IBM populations on all relevant criteria. Such a match is virtually impossible to make, if only because the IBM studies were done around 1970 and the point in time of the survey is one of the matching characteristics.Hypotheses books since 2001 contain scores for a number of countries not in the original IBM set, based on extensions of the research outside MO M, or in a few cases on informed estimates. Extensions of the research to countries and regions not in the original set have to be based, like any VS.. Application, on matched samples across two or more countries. These should always include one or, if possible, more of the countries from the IBM set, so that the new data can be anchored to the existing framework. Anchoring' means that the scores from the extension research should be shifted by the difference of the old and new scores for the common country (or by the mean difference in the case of more common countries). The main problem of extension research is finding matched samples across new and old countries. Examples of successful extensions are described in Hefted (2001:464-465). The VS.. 2013 has been designed for research purposes. In the classroom it has poor ace validity, as it is based on the logic of national cultures which differs from the logic of individual students. Cultures are not king-size individuals: They are wholes, and their internal logic cannot be understood in the terms used for the personality dynamics of individuals. Echo-logic differs from individual logic† (Hefted, 2001 :17; the term ecological in cross-cultural studies is used for any analysis at the societal level; it does not only refer to the natural environment). To students or audiences without a professional training in anthropology or cross-cultural research the VS.. Is to the proper tool for explaining the essence of the dimensions.In this case trainers should rather develop teaching tools using the tables of differences between societies scoring high and low on each dimension, which are based on significant Hefted & Moving, 2010: Chapters 3-8). The twenty-four content questions allow index scores to be calculated on six dimensions of national value systems as components of national cultures: Power Distance (large vs†¦ Small), Individualism vs†¦ Collectivism, Masculinity vs†¦ Femininity, Uncertaint y Avoidance (strong vs†¦ Weak), Long- vs†¦ Short-Term Orientation, and Indulgence vs†¦ Restraint.All content questions are scored on five-point scales (1-2-3-4-5). Any standard statistical computer program will calculate mean scores on five-point scales, but the calculation can also be done simply by hand. For example, suppose a group of 57 respondents from Country C produces the following scores on question 04 (importance of security of employment): 10 x answer 24 x answer 2 14 x answer 3 5 x answer 4 1 x answer 5 42 20 54 valid answers totaling 125 Three of the 57 respondents gave an invalid answer: either blank (no answer) or multiple (more than one answer).Invalid answers should be excluded from the calculation (treated as missing). The mean score in our case is: 125/54 = 2. 31. Mean scores on five-point scales should preferably be presented in two decimals. More accuracy is unrealistic (survey data are imprecise measures). Power Distance Index (PDP) Power Distanc e is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a society expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. The index formula is PDP = 35(mom – mom) + 25(mom – mom) + QPS) in which mom is the mean score for question 02, etc.The index normally has a range of about 100 points between very small Power Distance and very large Power Distance countries. C(PDP) is a constant (positive or negative) that depends on the nature of the samples; it does not affect the comparison between countries. It can be chosen by the user to shift her/his PDP scores to values between O and 100. Individualism Index (DIVIDE) Individualism is the opposite of Collectivism. Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: a person is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only.Collectivism stands for a roofs, which continue to protect them throughout their lifetime in exc hange for unquestioning loyalty. DIVIDE = 35(mom – mol) + 35(mom – mom) + C(ICC) in which mol is the mean score for question 01, etc. The index normally has a range of about 100 points between strongly collectivist and strongly individualist countries. C(ICC) is a constant (positive or negative) that depends on the nature of the samples; it does not affect the comparison between countries. It can be chosen by the user to shift his/her DIVIDE scores to values between O and 100.Masculinity Index (MASS) Masculinity is the opposite of Femininity. Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Femininity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. MASS = 35(mom – mom ) + 35(mom – mom) + corn) in which mom is the mean score for question 05, etc.The index normally has a range of about 100 points between strongly feminine and strongly masculine countries. C(MFC) is a constant (positive or negative) that depends can be chosen by the user to shift her/his MASS scores to values between O and 100. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (AJAX) Uncertainty Avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of institutions and organizations within a society feel threatened by uncertain, unknown, ambiguous, or unstructured situations. AU' = 4001118 – mom)+ 25(mom – mom) + qua) in which mom is the mean score for question 18, etc.The index normally has a range of about 100 points between weak Uncertainty Avoidance and strong Uncertainty Avoidance countries. C(AU) is a constant (positive r negative) that depends on the nature of the samples; it does not affect the comparison between countries. It can be chosen by the user to shift his/her I-JAG scores to values between O and 100. Long Term Orientation is the opposite of Short Term Orientation. Long Term Orientation stands for a society which fosters virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular adaptation, perseverance and thrift.Short Term orientation stands for a society which fosters virtues related to the past and present, in particular respect for tradition, preservation of â€Å"face†, and fulfilling social obligations. LTO = – mom) + 25(mom – mom) + C(IS) n which mom is the mean score for question 13, etc. The index normally has a range of about 100 points between very short term oriented and very long term oriented countries. C(l's) is a constant (positive or negative) that depends on the nature of the samples; it does not affect the comparison between countries. It can be chosen by the user to shift her/his L TO scores to values between O and 100.Indulgence versus Restraint Index (IVR) Indulgence stands for a society which allows rel atively free gratification of some desires and feelings, especially those that have to do with leisure, merrymaking with rinds, spending, consumption and sex. Its opposite pole, Restraint, stands for a society which controls such gratification, and where people feel less able to enjoy their lives. The index formula is IVR = – ml 1) + – mom) + COO in which ml is the mean score for question 11, etc. The index normally has a range of about 100 points between high indulgence and high restraint.C(IR) is a constant (positive or negative) that depends on the nature of the samples; it does not affect the comparison between countries. It can be chosen by the user to shift her/his IVR scores to values between O and 100. As country-level correlations differ from individual-level correlations, answers on questions used to measure a country-level dimension do not necessarily correlate across individuals. A reliability test like Cockroach's alpha should in this case not be based on individual scores but on country mean scores. Obviously this presupposes data from a sufficient number of countries, in practice at least ten.For comparison across fewer countries the reliability of the VS.. At the country level has to be taken for granted; it can indirectly be shown through the validity of the scores in predicting dependent variables. The IBM database (Hefted, 1980) allows to compute Cockroach alphas for the first four dimensions across 40 countries (39 for AAU, 33 for PDP because of missing data). Power Distance Index (3 items): Alpha = . 842 Individualism Index (6 items): Alpha = . 770 Masculinity Index (8 items): Alpha = . 760 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (3 items) Alpha = . 15 The rule of thumb for test reliability is a value over . 700. The new items in the new version were chosen because of their similarity to items in reliable other studies, but the reliability of the new dimension scores cannot be proven a prior'. The VS.. 2013 is copyrighted, but may be fre ely used for academic research projects. Consultants who want to use the VS.. 2013 periodically should pay a license fee based on the number of copies administered per year. The same holds for use by companies in employee surveys. Information on rates is available from the copyright holder ([email  protected] L) 9. History of the VS.. 2013 The original questions from the 1966-1973 Hermes (MOM) attitude survey questionnaires used for the international comparison of work-related values were listed in Hefted (1980, Appendix 1). Appendix 4 of the same book presented the iris Values Survey Module for future cross-cultural studies. It contained 27 content questions and 6 demographic questions. This VS.. 80 was a selection from the IBM questionnaires, with a few questions added from other sources about issues missing in the IBM list and Judged by the author to be of potential importance.In the 1984 abridged paperback edition of Hefted (1980) the original IBM questions were not included, but the VS.. 80 was. A weakness of the VS.. 80 was its dependence on the more or less accidental set of questions used in the IBM surveys. The IBM survey questionnaire had not really been imposed for the purpose of reflecting international differences in value patterns. However, the IBM questions could only be replaced by other questions after these had been validated across countries; and to be validated, they had to be used in a large number of countries first.Therefore in 1981 Hefted through the newly- founded Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation (IIRC) issued an experimental extended version of the VS.. (VS.. 81). On the basis of an analysis of its first results, a new version was issued in 1982, the VS.. 82. This was widely used for the next twelve years. 3 of the questions were needed to compute scores on the four dimensions identified by Hefted. The other questions were included for experimental use. Some questions in the VS.. 82 were only applicable to employe d respondents.Thus the instrument could not be used for entrepreneurs, students, and respondents without a paid Job. The number of replications using the VS.. 82 in Iris's files increased, but, unfortunately, it turned out that the samples from different researchers were insufficiently matched for producing a reliable new VS†¦ This changed when Michael Hope published his Ph. D. Hess on a survey study of elites (Syllabus Seminar Alumni) from 19 countries, using among other instruments the VS.. 82 (Hope, 1990). Eighteen of these countries were part of the IBM set, but besides USA all of them were from Europe.Hope's data base was therefore extended by adding results from replications in six countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America that could be considered somewhat matched with the Hope set. In the meantime, the research of Michael Harris Bond from Hong Kong, using the Chinese Value Survey (Chinese Culture Connection, 1987), had led to the identification f a fifth dimension: Lon g-Term versus Short-Term Orientation (Hefted & Bond, 1988; Hefted, 2001: Chapter 7). In the new version of the VS.. Published in 1994 (the VS.. 94), this dimension appeared for the first time together with the other four.The questionnaire was also adapted to respondents without a paid Job. Accumulated experience with the use of the VS.. 94 in the next 14 years led to the publication of an updated VS.. 08. In the meantime, many new sources of cross- cultural survey information became available. One was an unpublished Master's Thesis (Van Bug, 2006) reporting on the Internet administration of the VS.. 94 among active members of the student association EASIES in 41 countries, collecting some 2,200 valid answers, a response rate of 24%.We also looked for questions correlated with the IBM dimensions in the newly available sources, including the huge World Values Survey database freely accessible on Internet (Ingather and associates, 1998, 2004, 2007). In 2007, Michael Moving published a book integrating all available old and new databases, and we invited him to Join the VS.. Team. Moving (2007) proposed three new dimensions: Exclusion versus Universalism, Indulgence versus Restraint, and Monumentality versus Flexibility (flexibility plus nullity).From these, Exclusion versus Universalism across 41 countries was strongly correlated with Power Distance and Collectivism (both r = . 74), so we did not treat it as a new dimension. Indulgence versus Restraint was uncorrelated with any of the five dimensions in the VS.. 94 and it added new insights into national cultural differences, so we accepted it as a new and sixth dimension. Monumentality versus Flexibility was significantly correlated with Short Term Orientation (r = . 68 across 16 overlapping countries) and less strongly with Power