Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal

Wo bailiwick forces Property Rights Move handst in Nepal by Binda Pandey Nepal is lock runnel at a lower place fuddled feudalistic social values and norms. in that location were no clear provisions regarding Nepalese women and place rights until 1975. Following the UN Declaration of 1975, which was supra matter Womens Year, the Nepalese organization began to celeb roam International Womens Day on the eighth of March. That same division, the Civil Code was amended and a cla mathematical function on womens getance and property rights include.The cla go for orders that if a charwoman re primary(prenominal)s unwedded up to 35 historic period of coiffure on, she would catch a right to inherit property. However, the amendment limits itself as it continues if she gets marri mature later on having property that should be returned O.K. to the brothers by deducting the marriage cost. With the restoration of multi companionship land in 1990, the in the in all constitut ion guaranteed that no unity should be discriminated against on the basis of hinge upon. Further to a greater extent than(prenominal), in 1991, the g e rattlingplacenment validate the UN Convention on the Elimination of altogether forms of discrimination Against Women (CEDAW-1979).The nations Womens Movement demanded that only inequalities in Nepali rectitude be eliminated and focused attention on the equal right of women to inherit property. e really governmental parties dumbfound included this demand in their respective election manifestos. The reverse ships comp both in parliament, the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, has elevated this issue repeatedly further the polity-making congress has neither considered it seriously, nor offn any initiation to amend discriminatory jurisprudences. In 1993, a case was finally filed in the Supreme Court with a demand to amend the Civil Code to give women equal rights over property.After two old age, in 1995, the Supreme Court issued a directive to the government to introduce a accuse in parliament that would guarantee a womans rights to inherit property. Following the Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Women and accessible Welf be drafted a flier, popularly kn proclaim as the Womens Property Rights broadside in clubhouse to amend the existing Civil Code. It was tabled for discussion in the 11th academic session of parliament. It took nearly six age more to be passed through parliament, condescension a numeral of other Bills creation pick out in this cartridge holder parliament.During this period, different governmental parties and parliamentary committees have made a number of changes to the original Bill. On July 17, 2001, a parliamentary committee unanimously say that women should have equal rights to inherit property. However, the ruling Nepali Congress party expressed roughly disagreement and proposed that inherited property should be returned bet on t o respective brother/s if she gets marriage. The ruling party passed the Bill with a majority vote in the Lower House of Parliament in October 2001.But, the Upper House study Assembly, which is dominated by the op slip party, failed the Bill and it was sent back to the Lower House for reconsideration. In callable process, the Bill came back to the Lower House. Here, the ruling party was pressing for the Bill to be adopted while the main opposition party, supported by almost all women organizations, was pressing hard to guarantee inherited property rights for women equivalent to that of their brother/s. In this situation, on that point was a risk that the Bill would non be passed again and it might take several more course of instructions to go through a nonher round of discussion.At this point, the opposition party made the tricky decision to vote for a Bill with its taciturnity on the provision, which do not recognize the equal right of sons or daughters to inherited propert y after marriage. Major Achievements through 11th Amendment in Civil Code-2020 (1963) After all these turning points, the bill was finally passed in parliament on March 14, 2002. It was sent to the King for his seal of plaudit and came into effect from September 27, 2002. The major achievements of this amendment be as follows Womens Right to PropertyToday, women in Nepal thr genius enjoy their right to inherit property from birth. But when they hook up with any property will be returned to the p atomic number 18nts family. The new law re atomic number 18s a wifes equal right to her husbands property contiguously after marriage, rather than after she reaches 35 years of age or has been married for 15 years as before. A widows right to claim her sh argon of property from the juncture family after the termination of her husband, and to use this property even if she gets re-married, is now also established in law. Womens Right to DivorceThe Bill gives women the right to seek break up from her husband if he harasses her physically or psychologically if he establishes inner relationships with other women if he is incapable of producing peasantren or if he is affected by and std, including hiv/ charges. Previously, the law allowed a wife to claim solitary(prenominal) regimen stuff from her husband for the pentad years following their divorce. Today, a woman enkindle also claim property. Increase Penalty for Polygamy Polygamy is still rampant(ip) in Nepal, though it was decl ard illegal in 1975.Previously, those who violate the law in this regard face a punishment of 1 to 3 months in prison or a amercement of 1000 to 2000 Rupees, or both. The new amendment increases these punishments, a man post now face 1 to 3 years in prison or a fine of 5000 25,000 Rupees, or both. Womens Right to Abortion Previously, abortion was illegal unless a affect advised that a mothers look was endangered unless a foetus was aborted. aerated with this crime, more than five dozen women argon imprisoned across Nepal. The new law legalizes abortion with some full terms.In normal cases a woman can make her own decision to go through with an abortion, though only within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. However, if the childs delivery endangers the mothers manners, or if a women incurs great(predicate) through rape or incestuous exciteual relations so abortions can take place within 18 weeks of pregnancy. Nepal is the first southmost Asian country to legalize abortion in this counseling. Stern mapion at law against persons involved in Rape Rape is one of the major issues that has been organised by the womens faeces in Nepal.In this regard, the amendments to the courtly code make the law stronger and increase the punishment for rapists. According to the new provisions, a rapist can be imprisoned for 10-15 years, if their victim is below 10 years of age 7-10 years of imprisonment, if their victim is surrounded by 10 and 16 years of a ge and 5 7 years of imprisonment, if the victims age is above 16 years. In each category, an additional five years of prison can be given if the victim is a pregnant or disabled woman. Lacunas still persevere It is a big achievement that women have been granted more legal rights with this amendment. But, there remain issues to be addressed.One major issue is to establish equal rights of property inheritance regardless of a womens marital status. The press to achieve rights based on gender is ongoing. If gender equality has not been achieved even when historic goals are met then the cope should continue. Challenges ahead there is a bigger challenge ahead of the womens hunting expedition. Until and unless women and men in wider edict are aware of these new legal instruments, they cannot bring any incomparable change to the real lives of Nepalese women. In this regard, it is the role and responsibility of the womens gesture to make women and men aware of their legal rights.A t the same time, social and bureaucratic structures including those in civil society and government must institutionalize these changes. hardly in this way will feudal and traditionalisticistic attitudes towards womens rights change. To ensure the impingement of these legal rights, authority should be delegated in a practical way and the implementing apparatus should be correctly managed. The womens movement can lead the ladder to make people aware and to check that the law is implemented properly. We can prove that legal instruments are important tools and play a pivotal role in creating gender equality in society. Updated version of the published article in Workers News 32, March 2002) Womens Movement Scenario in Nepal Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world. Our socio- frugal life and hence the national life is outsizely dependent on agriculture. 42 percent of the national income is being contributed by agriculture and almost 81 percent of the existenc e is active in this sector. However, agriculture itself is in a very miserable condition. It has become away of life to majority of the population, but its fruitfulness is decreasing every year.In the Nepalese context, the women struggle started against British imperialism. Patriotic struggle against British imperialism dates back to the battle of 1814 at Nalapani. Women marched shoulder to shoulder with men in the civil right movement of 1948. Women took active part in the elected transition of 1951 which overthrew the 104 year autocracy of the genus Rana family. Its goal was to overthrow the 104 years of Rana autocracy from Nepal. The first women organization the Nepal Women Association was established in 1948, it utilize to infuse governmental ken among women.After the fall of the Rana regime and dawn of democracy in 1951, political parties became active. Womens organization began to be affiliated with various political parties. During the thirty year rule (1960-1990) of the party-less Panchayat clay, all political parties and independent women 5 organizations were banned. However, the left democratic jampacks continued their struggle against the suppressive political brass of rules. The communist organized peasants and trainers to fight against the exploitative regime. Women came out in large number during the struggle for democracy.The both Nepal Women Association (ANWA) functioning under the party, was very active in organizing revolutionary women. It is during this period of struggle that ANWA established itself as a revolutionary wing of the party. Many members of ANWA were tortured by the rulers. The tena urban center in the struggle attracted women to join the movement. The movement was succeederfully exposited end-to-end the country. Also there were some sectoral women movements in existence against the feudal evolution of landlord and Rana regime. But they were exceptional in coverage and could not take larger shape to include women from all over the nation.In order to determine the shaping of the movement, it is necessary to mention how the womens political and organized form of movement was connected with the political parties. The first underground mass meeting of All Nepal Women Association was held in 1980. The put togethering discussed and analyzed situation of the country, set goals and strategies of women struggle to achieve the womens rights and liberation. It formulated the long term and short term national indemnity and programme for the women struggle. The period of eighties is the most active and important period for Nepalese women movement.The oppression from the then rulers was intolerable. Many women activists were jailed and tortured, more than 70 women activists were full-time underground and semi-underground activists. They developed thousands of activists who were over-ground, and they continued their underground activities. It contend a crucial role in creating political awarene ss and contend significant role in organizing women of different class, profession and strata. During its underground political training, the All Nepal Women Association equipped its cadre with true ideals in the struggles for political rights, social justice and economic equality.It also made best use of the 8th March International Womens Day (started since 1972, 8th march), and national festival much(prenominal) as Tij (exclusive women festival) and Tihar (festival of light) celebrated each year for five geezerhood culminating the worshipping of brothers by sisters on the last day. On this day women folk gather at their parental houses, hence an opportunity to make best use of gathering. ANWA organized its first National group in 1989 in underground way, second gear National Conference in 1992 and the third National Conference in 1995 with the theme Social Security and Employment, Equal Rights in all Sectors.All members of ANWA and other women organizations cultivated a drea m-a dream of new progressive and democratic Nepal where women participation in all walks of national life is ensured. In filthiness of all these struggles, sacrifices and enthusiasm, women have been marginalized in politics as in any other sectors. The paternalistic structures of the family, society and the male-dominated political organizations gave little space to women. There exist a big gap between saying and doing, talk and practicing virtually womens participation and leadership in Nepal.Constitutionally, 5 percent put of the total candidacy in the parliamentary election are speechless for women, in each political party. Recently the government has decided to can 15 percent reservation in each VDC and Municipality. Altogether there are 4000 VDCs and 58 Municipalities and in each VDC there are 9 Wards (Unit). Each ward of the VDC will have 5 members including chairperson elected. Among quartet members one seat is reserved for women. There is a provision of consultatory C ommittee in VDC and municipality and participation of women is provisioned.Thus, at the local train altogether more than 120,000 women will be mobilized re marching all parties. It is a welcome measuring rod forward to include women in politics at the local levels. The position of women in civil service is also very bleak. While the 1990 exalted Level Administration Reform Commission gave suggestions to improve the situation, only 5 percent of the civil servants at officer level were women in 1992. National and worldwide efforts have been made to bring multilateral and bilateral agencies for aid and assistance for womens mystify.In spite of all these efforts, gender gap is still very wide. Inequalities are rampant in all frontscultural, social, economic, political and in education. Women have no separate identity of herself. They are identified in relation to her father, husband, son and grandson. Women in the society The Patriarchal system is the root cause of social injustice in Nepal. Sons are preferred over daughters. Sons are considered economic insurance in old age. They carry the family name, perform death rituals and rites.Girls are considered as others property to be given away in marriage. They are unwanted, neglected ad over croaked. They are seen as auxiliary contributors to the household. Thus, the women are caught in the corrupt circle of the family system of exploitation and deprivation. The socialization descriptor of Nepalese society is very discriminative. From the childhood, male childs are groomed towards productive work and decision making and girls are absorbed to an inside world knowing to be home makers, dutiful wives, loving mothers and service providers.A woman is subjected to the rampart of man and has no mobility. Women are controlled by men and are considered as a property of men. Hence they do not have their own property. Even religion, education and rituals are denied to women. A womens life is not for her self. wellnes s status of Nepalese women is deplorable. Nepal is one of the three countries in the world where the life expectancy of women is lower than that of men. In Nepal 20 percent of pregnancies are say to be in the high risk category. Violence on girl-child and child harlotry is alarmingly increasing.Trafficking of girls into India are increasing and of those trafficked 20 percent are minors under 16 years of age. The overall health condition is alarmingly poor in Nepal. The average life expectancy is 55. 9 for males and 53. 5 for females. altogether 10 percent of the pregnant women get motherly service. The maternal mortality rate is 850 per 100,000 live birth. Average child bearing age among 40 percent of women is 15 to 19 years. The fertility rate is as high as 5. 7. Women have been the focus of population policies and the main gull for family planning and fertility control.The girl malnutrition rate is double than that of boy under 5 years. 78 percent of hoidenish women suffer b y anaemia in the delivery period. 85 percent of women depend upon the traditional birth attendants instead of health post and hospital go. Even in the urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 8. 5 per 1000 but in rural and geographically distanced rural area the MMR is 15. 4 per 1000. scotch Status of Nepalese Women Nepal is an underdeveloped agricultural country with a per capita gross domestic product of US $ 202 (1994). Almost half of its population is below the poverty line.It ranks second among the poorest countries of the world. Studies have shown that womens contribution in the economy is large and significant with 57 percent of agricultural activities being carried out by women. They contribute about half of household income and work 11 hours a day. Despite womens hearty contributions both as cultivators and managers in the production process, all their labour is unnoticed, undervalued and unaccounted in the economy. Women as the workers Women constitute a little over one-half of the Nepalese population. 5 percent of employed women are confined to agricultural work compared to 75 percent for men. Besides agriculture, women are again mostly confined to traditional jobs such(prenominal) as sewing and knitting. They are rarely in use(p) in professional and expert jobs. Very a few(prenominal) are in community service, commerce, manufacture etc. Jobs are low-paid, requiring relatively simple skills. In the service sector, women are mostly engaged in teaching, health and financial institutions. Women lag far behind in the legal field and media service. Only 6 percent are found at officer level positions in the civil services.Women in Nepal generally work for longer hours compared to men, and rural women devote much longer hours than urban women. His Majestys Government of Nepal has fixed the minimum hire and salaries in the industrial and organized sectors without any gender diversity but in practice such discrimination are noticed. Discriminati on in organized sectors are more prominent. Effective and in make participation of women in the schooling process, both as a producer and consumer of development output, has been accepted as a necessary condition for balanced, upright and sustainable growth.But Nepalese women are yet to obtain such participation. In terms of labour force participation, women are behind men, are predominantly confined to agriculture, account for the majority of unpaid family workers, number predominantly among the pink-slipped and are heavily concentrated in low-paid jobs, The constraints against womens concern in exertion can be summarized as follows, Women are poorly qualified or not suitably trained Protective legislation has acted as a deterrent to womens exercising Women are prepared to work for lower wage Both women and men look upon womens income as supplementary There is no solidarity and no unions among women Women deprivation the collateral to become entrepreneurs, therefore h ave no access to They lack entrepreneurial knowledge They have dual responsibilities and lack societal support credit loans or Ninety percent of the employed women are confined to agricultural activities where as it is less than seventy five percent in the case of men. Less than 6 percent of them are engaged in personal and community services, 2 percent are found in commerce and 1 percent in manufacturing.The employment of women in sectors like electricity, gas and water, construction, transport and conference finance and profession services is extremely low or negligible (table No. 3). economically Active Population (10 years and above) by Major Industry and sex 1991 (in percent) Table 1 Occupational Structure of Women and Men (1991) Occupation male Female total Female as % of Total Professional technical Workers 2. 5 0. 7 1. 8 15. Administrative Workers 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 9. 3 Clerical Workers 1. 6 0. 3 1. 1 10. 0 gross sales Workers 3. 9 1. 7 3. 0 22. 6 Service Workers 7. 8 3. 8 6. 2 25. 1 Farm/Fish Workers 74. 90. 4 81. 0 45. 1 Production Labour Workers 5. 8 2. 0 4. 2 18. 8 Others 3. 0 0. 8 2. 1 15. 8 Not Stated 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 35. 9 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. acknowledgment Population nosecount 1991 Table 2 Women in the Labour force 1991 Describe Male Female Total I. Population(in 000) 9221 9270 18491 2. Labour force 6445 6554 12999 (Population aged 10 years and above in 000) 3.Labour forces% of total people 69. 9 70. 7 70. 3 4. Economically active population 4428 2982 7410 (Aged 10 years & above in 000) 5. Labour force participation rate 68. 7 45. 5 57. 0 (4 as% of2) 6.Economically inactive population 2017 3572 5589 (aged 10 years and above000) 7. 6as%of 2 31. 3 54. 5 43 Source Population count 1991 Table 3Economically active population (10 years and above) by major industries and sex, 1991(in percent) Industry Male Female Total Female as % of Total Agriculture 74. 9 90. 5 81. 2 45. 0 Manufacturing 2. 6 1 . 2 2. 0 11. 9 Construction 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 10. 9 Commerce 4. 5 2. 0 3. 23. 7 Transport and communication 1. 1 0. 1 0. 7 3. 9 Finance and business services 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 13. 4 Personal & community services 13. 6 5. 3 10. 2 21. 0 Others 0. 6 0. 1 0. 4. 6. 7 Industry not stated 1. 1. 6 1. 0 23. 2 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. 4 Source Population Census 1991 Women are facing troubles created by government new economic policy of privatization and liberalization. The policy of privatization and liberalization is yet to show its full impact in Nepalese economy. Even then we expect to encounter the following lines in the field of women workers and employment in the days to come. 1. The employer may prefer men to women or unmarried to married one 2.Difference in salary of men and women may persist 3. Government may not be trustworthy for capacity building program for women 4. The dignity of women workers might erode as they will be treated as commodity by their employers. 5. Prostitution, sex tourism and sexual harassment will grow together with success of privatization and liberalization 6. Women will have to be restricted to low adroit and low paid jobs. The new policy will reduce the opportunities for conventional education and vocational training for upgrading the skills, with a result that women do not qualify for processions, job up gradation and higher wage.Education and Nepalese Women For a long time, education was a privilege for a few in Nepal. The first government school for girls opened in 1948 a year after the Civil Rights Movement. It was only in 1951 that education was gradually prompted throughout the country. The literacy rate in the country is 40 percent. Literacy rate among women is only 25 percent. In the schools the dropout and irregularity of girls are higher compared to that of boys. Progress in the promotion of girls education has been made as a result of international womens year and the international womens decade. Several m easures have been taken to augment girls education.Female teachers were appointed in each school. Nevertheless, education is yet to be effective in empowering women in Nepal. Education in Nepal is not yet linked with the lives of the people. Equality and mandate of women is simply a lip-service. Government Policy and Womens Advancement There has been some changes in the interests and attitudes of the policy planners after the change in the political system. However, the changes are not satisfactory and are still sectoral. A new ministry feel after women issues has been created. The ministry is to coordinate and further the policies and programs related to the women.Women constitute half of the population in Nepal. Unless they participate fully in the nation building task, economic development of the country will not be possible. Taking this naive realism into account sectoral strategy and working policy were adumbrate in the eighth plan (1992-97), the first plan of fully democra tic. The strategies to be followed as outlined in the plan are Encouraging womens participation in traditional as well as non traditional sectors Extending access to be testicle and non-formal education to women Adopting affirmative carry out in training program change magnitude womens access to health facilities especially FP/MCH facilities Increasing womens access to credit, technical knowledge, entrepreneurship development programs, marketing facilities and employment opportunities Extending to rural areas those kinds of technological changes which reduce the time omit in gathering an fetching fuel fodder, water and household work Revising laws discriminatory to women Though the government of Nepal started a policy on Women In Development (WID) since sixth five year plan (1980-85). The policy aimed to promote the status of women by recognizing women as development agent.The plans stressed on technical and non technical fields of training for women. The Women Training Ce ntre was create under the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) for skill development of rural women. Of cover there has been some changes in the interests and attitudes among politicians and policy makers. However the change is not overall satisfactory and still is sectoral. Women should be recognized as henchman and not as subordinate to men. No doubt, the newly formed Ministry of Women and Social Welfare should take up a leading role in asserting this concept. Girls trafficking and whoredom as major Social Problems of Women in NepalIn Nepal girls trafficking and whoredom problem are becoming similar to that of problems in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Over 200,000 Nepali girls/women are reported to be indulged into whoredom in India. It is verbalise that between 5000 to 7000 young girls are trafficked to India annually of which one-third are trafficked forcefully. According to the Indian Health Organization (IHO) 100,000 Nepali girls/women are working as pro stitutes in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi alone. IHO estimates that of the 15,000 prostitutes working in the state of Utter Pradesh, 12,000 are Nepali girls and women.The Girls, sold against their will, are subjected to severe mental and physical torture. Most of the girls and women engaged in prostitution are usually from broken families while others come from poor families. Many innocent teenage girls are abducted or lured from their homes in the countryside and are forced into the job. They are either lured or deceived on circumvent promises and sold to the brothel houses in Indian cities by the middlemen. As such the Nepali girls/women are found serving as prostitutes in almost every city and towns of India and the practice is, unfortunately increasing.Intra-regional and Inter-regional trafficking has also increased quickly as more and more people migrate to the cities. There are more than 5000 girls/women from surrounding countryside working as prostitutes in Kathmandu and i t is said that there are more than 200 brothels in Kathmandu city alone. Similarly, major market centres work as transit centres for ultimate trafficking into India. The East-west passage is a fertile ground for prostitution which is being called commonly as highway prostitution.Some reports and investigations have revealed that large number of girls/women have been trafficked via carpet and cut back factories. Many who fall victim are those destitute and helpless women who are neglected, abused and abandoned by their husbands and relatives. Many women belonging to lower castes are also made to be the victims. No doubt the trafficking of girls/women to the urban areas of Nepal and to the brothels of impertinent countries tell us a story of fraud exploitation, domination as well as despair frustration and poverty.We need to look beyond the facade of economic problems and try to come with the possible reasons within a larger cultural, historical and socio-political framework. While the subjects of sex remains taboo in Nepalese society, prostitution has gained a big momentum. It is no longer limited to the traditional red light areas of Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang districts where the women of the Badi community adopt prostitution as profession. They adopt prostitution as a social practice. Under the Deuki system the girls are surrendered to temples by people by the way of religious give way or Bhakal.The Deukies are not expected to marry and thus, they adopt prostitution as a intend of livelihood when they grow up. The Deuki system has been operate under the guise of religious and cultural beliefs. The cultural practice of Deuki system and Badi community have given way to socially recognized prostitution in Nepal. In Nepal as banning of prostitution remains a matter of dispute, there can be no question on the urgent need to address the issue that force girls and women into the frame of reference slyness.The immediate risk groups like the poor and ignorant gi rls in the countryside, girls children working in the carpet and garment factories and the children on the streets should be made the immediate target for protection activities. All the government and non government organizations and the conscious citizens need to act actively to abolish the practice of flesh trade. Every tree trunk should realize the gravity of the problem which is posing a big threat to a very fabric of Nepalese society. Everyone should work to contribute for he prevention and control of prostitution and girls trafficking.Well coordinated efforts need to be made in creating the congenial purlieu to discourage the sexual exploitation of women. There should be an effective performance of laws relating to trafficking of girls. Income and employment generating programs such as knitting, sewing, weaving, bamboo work, sericulture etc. are necessary so that economic status of women in the countryside, the fertile ground for the traffickers is bettered. The profession of flesh trade can not be checked with the legal measures alone.Alternative means for survival are necessary. Both income generating activities as well as programs generating awareness are equally important in this respect. Despite all the existing laws, the enforcement and the threat of AIDS, girls/women trafficking and prostitution still remain a growing problem in Nepal. Nevertheless, it is a matter of great satisfaction that since the last few years some of the NGO and INGOs have started taking keen interests on the issue of women trafficking and practice of forced prostitution in Nepal.Similarly, the international and join Nations agencies have also started creating an awareness against girls trafficking and immoral prostitution practices. In the western and far western part of Nepal there is residue of slavery system called Karnaiya. The bonded labourers do not receive their full labour cost. They have to work free of charge for 15-18 hours/day The system is spread in 5 dist rict of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Banke, Dang and Bardiya. In all these districts there is approximately 50 thousands Kamaiya. mostly women from Kamaiya family are required to work free for the landlord.Women under Kamaiya system are more exploited even than the Kamaiyas themselves. Physical and sexual abuse are common among Kamaiya women. Global context of and its effect to Nepali Women In the present context globalization has inflicted its worse effect all over the world. globalization is generally used t0 designate an aggregate of policy measures which seek to expand market relations on world level and to enlarge the domain for the free movement of capital internationally. Some of the key components of globalizations are trade liberalization i. e. reakdown of tariff barriers, privatization of formerly public sector companies and the reduction of state intervention and the promotion of export oriented production for instance pf currency crops agriculture. In the countries of the sou th , such policies are generally imposed by WB. IMF , in the name of structural adjustment. while the ideology of globalization states that such polities serve to promote human welfare an increasingly large body of literature migration from rural areas and to a shift from secure to insecure forms of employment and production.Under structural adjustment programmes, government world wide have been compelled to shit of public sector companies to the private sector, and such transfers to the private sector have frequently been accompanied but massive dismissals and the flexibilization of labour relations under structural adjustment and liberalization, workers loose various forms of minimal security antecedently provided by the state or state owned companies. The declarations and programs of action adopted at the four global womens conferences held since 1975 have added important dimensions on the authorization of women.The second global conference in Copenhagen in 1980 and the third o ne in Nairobi in 1985 contributed to the adoption of the advancement of women by the year 2000. Now the UN is working on the fourth phase of progress of women. All the four conferences have the message that no progress is possible without a full and equal participation of men and women. Although in many countries women remain most deprived, discriminated and powerless in most societies.With this global context we should raise some pertinent points regarding Nepalese womens movement which will give the painting of Nepalese women, their social, cultural, economic and political status who are the threshold for the twenty-first century. Conclusion From the mid 1980s womens movement in Nepal can be characterized in three distinct features. Firstly, womens movement was all activism. The role of academia was insignificant. But now there has been forging links between these two in a variety of ways in different fora, conferences, conventions, and demonstrations.A strong belief among many groups has emerged that the struggle against gender inequalities can not be waged in isolation from struggle in many other fronts. Thirdly, the womens movement is not secluded within the country and is increasingly interconnected with the international womens movement. The four international conferences on women have been successful in bring womens all over the world in common platform of action (Country Report on International Womens Conference, 1-5 August 1997, Malmo, Sweden prepared by Sujita Shakya & Umesh Upadhyaya)